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arXiv:nlin/0303035 · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics

R -matrix theory of driven electromagnetic cavities

F. Beck, C. Dembowski, A. Heine, A. Richter

Published Jun 17, 2003• 19 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The resonances of cylindrical symmetric microwave cavities are analyzed in R-matrix theory, which transforms the input channel conditions to the output channels. Single and interfering double resonances are studied and compared with experimental results obtained with superconducting microwave cavities. Because of the equivalence of the two-dimensional Helmholtz and the stationary Schrödinger equations, the results give insight into the resonance structure of regular and chaotic quantum billiards.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.67.066208

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•Oct 1, 2010•1 citation
The resonances of cylindrical symmetric microwave cavities are analyzed in R-matrix theory, which transforms the input channel conditions to the output channels. Single and interfering double resonances are studied and compared with experimental results obtained with superconducting microwave cavities. Because of the equivalence of the two-dimensional Helmholtz and the stationary Schrödinger equations, the results give insight into the resonance structure of regular and chaotic quantum billiards.
Acknowledgments For two-dimensional, symmetric double well potentials separated by a tunneling barrier, it has been shown theoretically that quantum mechanical tunneling rates are dependent on the shape of the well in the limit of small quantum wavelength. Shapes that support chaotic wave functions produce statistically smaller fluctuations in the tunneling rate than classical (integrable) wells. This effect is called “regularization” of tunneling rates and can be analyzed by examining the splitting in energy level between symmetric and antisymmetric wave functions. Utilizing the similarity in the wave natures of a quantum mechanical particle in a symmetric double well and transverse electromagnetic waves in a 2-D cavity, we investigate chaos regularization in coupled microwave cavities both numerically and experimentally. The difference between the antisymmetric and symmetric eigenstate frequencies squared and evanescent electromagnetic wave propagation in a cutoff tunnel is shown to be analogous to energy splitting and quantum mechanical tunneling, respectively. This analogy allows investigation of regularization in various microwave cavities and, by extension to a lab-scale model, the behavior of complex quantum mechanical systems.
Flat microwave cavities can be used to experimentally simulate quantum mechanical systems. By coupling two such cavities, we study the equivalent to the symmetry breaking in quantum mechanics. As the coupling is tunable, we can measure resonance strength distributions as a function of the symmetry breaking. We analyze the data employing a qualitative model based on Random Matrix Theory (RMT) and show that the results derived from the strength distribution are consistent with those previously obtained from spectral statistics.
Flat microwave cavities can be used to experimentally simulate quantum mechanical systems. By coupling two such cavities, we study the equivalent to symmetry breaking in quantum mechanics. As the coupling is tunable, we can measure resonance strength distributions as a function of the symmetry breaking. We analyze the data by employing a qualitative model based on random matrix theory and show that the results derived from the strength distribution are consistent with those previously obtained from spectral statistics.
The eigenfrequencies of resonance cavities shaped as stadium or Sinai billiards are determined by microwave absorption. In the applied frequency range 0--18.74 GHz the used cavities can be considered as two dimensional. For this case quantum-mechanical and electromagnetic boundary conditions are equivalent, and the resonance spectrum of the cavity is, if properly normalized, identical with the quantum-mechanical eigenvalue spectrum. Spectra, containing up to a thousand eigenfrequencies, are obtained within minutes. Statistical properties of the spectra as well as their correlation with classical periodic orbits are discussed.
In this work several aspects of quantum chaos are studied in the time domain. The wave equation for flat microwave cavities is equivalent to the Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics. Therefore microwave measurements provide an experimental approach to quantum chaos. The experiments are described in terms of scattering theory, to take the coupling of the antennas to the system as well as the dissipation in the cavity walls into account. In the first part the scattering matrix of several microwave cavities is analyzed in the regime of overlapping resonances. The difference between regular and chaotic systems can be observed both in the autocorrelation functions of the same S-matrix elements, and in the cross-correlation functions of different S-matrix elements. In accordance with literature, this difference is more pronounced in the cross-correlation functions. To describe the experimental correlation functions, the absorption in the cavity walls is modeled by an infinite number of weak decay channels. In the second part the focus is shifted to the stability of quantum time-evolution. The fidelity amplitude is a standard benchmark for the stability of a quantum system against a change of the Hamiltonian. It is defined as the overlap of the perturbed and unperturbed time-evolution of the same initial state. Exact theoretical results for a random matrix model are compared with numerical simulations and the linear-response results. For strong perturbations a partial recovery of the fidelity amplitude is found, and an intuitive explanation for this behavior is given in terms of a spectral Debye-Waller factor. Further, in the third part, experimental results for the fidelity amplitude are presented for two microwave cavities with classically chaotic dynamics. The perturbation of the systems is realized by applying small changes to their geometry. The results are well described by the linear-response expression, and the perturbation strength can be related to the change of the geometry of the cavities. In the fourth part microwave measurements on dielectric quadrupole billiards with mixed phase space are discussed. The internal dynamics is analyzed by means of Husimi distributions, while for the outer region the Poynting vector is determined to obtain the emission pattern. The emission pattern of the quadrupole billiard is strongly influenced by the structures of its mixed phase space.
The present doctoral thesis is concerned, on the one hand, with the investigation of the decay probability in a quantum billiard, and, on the other, the realization of the double-slit experiment in microwave billiards. For both purposes transmission elements of the scattering matrix are experimentally measured in microwave cavities with regular and chaotic dynamics. One or more pieces of the billiards' boundary are removed and the leaked outward eld is investigated. The general aim is to distinguish the eect of the billiard dynamics on the temporal decay behaviour and on the interference patterns. The decay probability in an open quantum billiard can be explored by means of the scattering matrix formalismus derived in the framework of nuclear physics. In a circular billiard, archetype of regular systems, the opening breaks the spatial symmetry causing a splitting of the degenerate states observable at low frequencies. One state of the doublet remains unaected contributing to the long-time behavior inside the cavity (survival probability), while the short-lived one is strongly influenced by the opening and decays much faster. The case of chaotic dynamics is studied by means of a tilted stadium billiard. For sufficiently long times the decay probability shows an essentially nonexponential behaviour. Agreement with theoretical results derived by Harney, Dittes and Muller is obtained for a few of the open channels and intermediate times. For both, the circle and the stadium,the short time decay resembles the classical behaviour. Furthermore, a double-slit experiment is performed with a wave packet starting inside a microwave billiard domain, both for regular and chaotic dynamics. Stationary and temporal patterns formed by the leaking of the wave packet are experimentally determined. The evolution of a directed initial state is constructed by means of the electromagnetic propagator. Also single-slit experiments are carried out and compared with the corresponding double-slit experiments. The present work sheds light on the fundamental question of the decay of open quantum systems and provides plentiful information about the structure of the diracted eld from microwave billards with a double-slit on the boundary connecting classical properties with the corresponding quantum features in both cases.