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arXiv:math-ph/0503013 · Journal of Mathematical Physics

The quantum fidelity for the time-periodic singular harmonic oscillator

Monique Combescure

Published Mar 1, 2006• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this paper we perform an exact study of “quantum fidelity” (also called Loschmidt echo) for the time-periodic quantum harmonic oscillator of the following Hamiltonian: Ĥg(t)≔(P2∕2)+f(t)(Q2∕2)+(g2∕Q2), when compared with the quantum evolution induced by Ĥ0(t) (g=0), in the case where f is a T-periodic function and g a real constant. The reference (initial) state is taken to be an arbitrary “generalized coherent state” in the sense of Perelomov. We show that, starting with a quadratic decrease in time in the neighborhood of t=0, this quantum fidelity may recur to its initial value 1 at an infinite sequence of times tk. We discuss the result when the classical motion induced by Hamiltonian Ĥ0(t) is assumed to be stable versus unstable.

DOI
10.1063/1.2178153

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In this paper we perform an exact study of “quantum fidelity” (also called Loschmidt echo) for the time-periodic quantum harmonic oscillator of the following Hamiltonian: Ĥg(t)≔(P2∕2)+f(t)(Q2∕2)+(g2∕Q2), when compared with the quantum evolution induced by Ĥ0(t) (g=0), in the case where f is a T-periodic function and g a real constant. The reference (initial) state is taken to be an arbitrary “generalized coherent state” in the sense of Perelomov. We show that, starting with a quadratic decrease in time in the neighborhood of t=0, this quantum fidelity may recur to its initial value 1 at an infinite sequence of times tk. We discuss the result when the classical motion induced by Hamiltonian Ĥ0(t) is assumed to be stable versus unstable.
Evolution of quantum fidelity for two-level systems is studied in the context of periodic echo. From a general treatment for time independent case, we obtain a simple condition on the governing Hamiltonians under which the systems display periodic quantum echo. For a specific time dependent problem the quantum fidelity is shown to exhibit Rabi oscillation. This may be considered as a simple mechanism to generate periodic echo, except for a specific initial superpositional state in which case the fidelity remains invariant.
We study the dynamical fidelity F(t)\mathcal{F} (t)F(t) and the Loschmidt echo L(t)\mathcal{L} (t)L(t), following a periodic driving of the transverse magnetic field of a quantum Ising chain (back and forth across the quantum critical point) by calculating the overlap between the initial ground state and the state reached after nnn periods τττ. We show that log⁡F(nτ)/L\log{\mathcal{F}}(nτ)/LlogF(nτ)/L (the logarithm of the fidelity per-site) reaches a steady value in the asymptotic limit n→∞n\to \inftyn→∞, and we derive an exact analytical expression for this quantity. Remarkably, the steady state value of [log⁡F(nτ→∞)]/L[\log{\mathcal{F}}(nτ\to \infty)]/L[logF(nτ→∞)]/L shows memory of non-trivial phase information which is instead hidden in the case of thermodynamic quantities; this conclusion, moreover, is not restricted to 1-dimensional models.
In this paper we review our recent work on the theoretical approach to quantum Loschmidt echoes, i.e., various properties of the so-called echo dynamics – the composition of forward and backward time evolutions generated by two slightly different Hamiltonians, such as the state autocorrelation function (fidelity) and the purity of a reduced density matrix traced over a subsystem (purity fidelity). Our main theoretical result is a linear response formalism, expressing the fidelity and purity fidelity in terms of integrated time autocorrelation function of the generator of the perturbation. Surprisingly, this relation predicts that the decay of fidelity is the slower the faster the decay of correlations. In particular for a static (time-independent) perturbation, and for non-ergodic and non-mixing dynamics where asymptotic decay of correlations is absent, a qualitatively different and faster decay of fidelity is predicted on a time scale ∝1/δ as opposed to mixing dynamics where the fidelity is found to decay exponentially on a time-scale ∝1/δ2, where δ is a strength of perturbation. A detailed discussion of a semi-classical regime of small effective values of Planck constant ℏ is given where classical correlation functions can be used to predict quantum fidelity decay. Note that the correct and intuitively expected classical stability behavior is recovered in the classical limit ℏ→0, as the two limits δ→0 and ℏ→0 do not commute. The theoretical results are demonstrated numerically for two models, the quantized kicked top and the multi-level Jaynes Cummings model. Our method can for example be applied to the stability analysis of quantum computation and quantum information processing.
The temporal evolution of the state vector relative to a harmonic oscillator with time-dependent frequency is examined. The Schrödinger equation is solved by choosing the instantaneous eigenstates of the Hamiltonian as the basis, thus getting an infinite set of coupled linear differential equations. This formulation is particularly suitable for studying the cases in which the Hamiltonian undergoes a very slow or a sudden variation from an initial constant value into a final one. A rigorous proof of adiabatic invariance to all orders in the slowness parameter is given for the transition probabilities. An application to the evolution of an initially coherent state is made.
In this study, we discuss the harmonic oscillator with the time-dependent frequency, ω(t), and the mass, M(t), by generalizing the holomorphic coordinates for the harmonic oscillator. In general cases, we solve the Schrödinger equation by reducing it into the Riccati equation and discuss the uncertainties for the quasi-coherent states of the time-dependent harmonic oscillator. In special cases, we find the following results: First, for a time-dependent harmonic oscillator, if [ω(t)M(t)] is constant, then the coherent states will evolve as the coherent states. Second, for the driven harmonic oscillator, the coherent states will evolve as the coherent states with new eigenvalues. Third, we derive quasi-coherent states for the Caldirola–Kanai Hamiltonian and show that the product of uncertainties, ΔxΔp, is larger than minimum value; however, it is constant. We also discuss the classical equations of motion for the system.
We study the quantum critical behavior of the Dicke Hamiltonian with finite number of atoms and explore the signature of quantum chaos using measures like the ground-state fidelity and the Loschmidt echo and the time-averaged Loschmidt echo. We show that these quantities clearly point to the classically chaotic nature of the system in the superradiant (SR) phase. While the ground-state fidelity shows aperiodic oscillations as a function of the coupling strength, the echo shows aperiodic oscillations in time and decays rapidly when the system is in the SR phase. We clearly demonstrate how the time-averaged value of the echo already incorporates the information about the ground-state fidelity and stays much less than unity, indicating the classically chaotic nature of the model in the SR phase.