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arXiv:math-ph/0302019 · Journal of Mathematical Physics

Representation of semigroups in rigged Hilbert spaces: Subsemigroups of the Weyl–Heisenberg group

Sujeewa Wickramasekara, Arno Böhm

Published Jan 17, 2003• 3 citations
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Abstract

In this paper we study how differentiable representations of certain subsemigroups of the Weyl–Heisenberg group may be obtained in suitably constructed rigged Hilbert spaces. These semigroup representations are induced from a continuous unitary representation of the Weyl–Heisenberg group in a Hilbert space. Aspects of the rigged Hilbert space formulation of time asymmetric quantum mechanics are also investigated within the context of the results developed here.

DOI
10.1063/1.1533835

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In this paper we study how differentiable representations of certain subsemigroups of the Weyl–Heisenberg group may be obtained in suitably constructed rigged Hilbert spaces. These semigroup representations are induced from a continuous unitary representation of the Weyl–Heisenberg group in a Hilbert space. Aspects of the rigged Hilbert space formulation of time asymmetric quantum mechanics are also investigated within the context of the results developed here.
We discuss some basic properties of Lie group representations in rigged Hilbert spaces. In particular, we show that a differentiable representation in a rigged Hilbert space may be obtained as the projective limit of a family of continuous representations in a nested scale of Hilbert spaces. We also construct a couple of examples illustrative of the key features of group representations in rigged Hilbert spaces. Finally, we establish a simple criterion for the integrability of an operator Lie algebra in a rigged Hilbert space.
The analytic continuation of the Lippmann–Schwinger bras and kets is obtained and characterized. It is shown that the natural mathematical setting for the analytic continuation of the solutions of the Lippmann–Schwinger equation is the rigged Hilbert space rather than just the Hilbert space. It is also argued that this analytic continuation entails the imposition of a time asymmetric boundary condition upon the group time evolution, resulting in a semigroup time evolution. Physically, the semigroup time evolution is simply a (retarded or advanced) propagator.
The meaning of time asymmetry in quantum physics is discussed.On the basis of a mathematical theorem, the Stone-von Neumann theorem, the solutions of the dynamical equations, the Schrödinger equation (1) for states or the Heisenberg equation (6a) for observables are given by a unitary group.Dirac kets require the concept of a RHS (rigged Hilbert space) of Schwartz functions; for this kind of RHS a mathematical theorem also leads to time symmetric group evolution.Scattering theory suggests to distinguish mathematically between states (defined by a preparation apparatus) and observables (defined by a registration apparatus (detector)).If one requires that scattering resonances of width Γ and exponentially decaying states of lifetime τ = Γ should be the same physical entities (for which there is sufficient evidence) one is led to a pair of RHS's of Hardy functions and connected with it, to a semigroup time evolution t 0 ≤ t < ∞, with the puzzling result that there is a quantum mechanical beginning of time, just like the big bang time for the universe, when it was a quantum system.The decay of quasi-stable particles is used to illustrate this quantum mechanical time asymmetry.From the analysis of these processes, we show that the properties of rigged Hilbert spaces of Hardy functions are suitable for a formulation of time asymmetry in quantum mechanics.
In the usual formulation of quantum mechanics, groups of automorphisms of quantum states have ray representations by unitary and antiunitary operators on complex Hilbert space, in accordance with Wigner's theorem. In the phase-space formulation, they have real, true unitary representations in the space of square-integrable functions on phase space. Each such phase-space representation is a Weyl–Wigner product of the corresponding Hilbert space representation with its contragredient, and these can be recovered by 'factorizing' the Weyl–Wigner product. However, not every real, unitary representation on phase space corresponds to a group of automorphisms, so not every such representation is in the form of a Weyl–Wigner product and can be factorized. The conditions under which this is possible are examined. Examples are presented.