This paper discusses entropy production in nonequilibrium steady states for infinite quantum spin systems. Rigorous results have been obtained recently in this area, but a physical discussion shows that some questions of principle remain to be clarified.
Nonequilibrium steady-state currents, unlike their equilibrium counterparts, continuously dissipate energy into their physical surroundings leading to entropy production and time-reversal symmetry breaking. This Letter discusses these issues in the context of quantum impurity models. We use simple thermodynamic arguments to define the rate of entropy production sigma and show that sigma has a simple information-theoretic interpretation in terms of nonequilibrium distribution functions. This allows us to show that the entropy production is strictly positive for any nonequilibrium steady state. We conclude by applying these ideas to the resonance level model and the Kondo model.
The characterization of irreversibility in general quantum processes is an open problem of increasing technological relevance. Yet, the tools currently available to this aim are mostly limited to the assessment of dynamics induced by equilibrium environments, a situation that often does not match the reality of experiments at the microscopic and mesoscopic scale. We propose a theory of irreversible entropy production that is suited for quantum systems exposed to general, nonequilibrium reservoirs. We illustrate our framework by addressing a set of physically relevant situations that clarify both the features and the potential of our proposal.
We discuss fundamental features of the local expression for the entropy production rate of the nonequilibrium quantum dynamics of open systems and its relations to memory effects and the spectrum of the generator of the dynamics. Defining the entropy production rate as negative rate of change of the relative entropy with respect to an instantaneous fixed point, it is shown that positivity of the entropy production rate for all possible initial states implies that the real parts of the eigenvalues of the time-local generator for the quantum master equation are always negative. It is further demonstrated that Markovian dynamics, identified as P-divisibility of the quantum dynamical map, implies positivity of entropy production rate, thus providing a kind of generalized second law in the nonequilibrium regime. We also prove by means of the counterexample of a phase covariant quantum master equation that the converse of this statement is not true, i.e., there are non-Markovian dynamics for which the entropy production rate is always positive. Thus, we conclude that the emergence of negative entropy production rates is a sufficient but not necessary condition for non-Markovianity of the quantum dynamics. Finally, we also consider a recently introduced map-based notion of entropy production and show the equivalence between its positivity and Markovianity for general finite-dimensional systems.
This paper is a contribution to the general theory of quantum spin systems. We deal with a general theory in the sense that no concrete interaction shows up but an arbitrary relatively short-range interaction is chosen. It is well known that the mean entropy plays an important role in the thermodynamics of quantum spin systems: it is one of the ingredients of the Lanford–Ruelle–Robinson variational principle. We show that in the background of the existence of the mean entropy, there is an operator convergence which resembles the McMillan theorem from information theory. Asymptotic equipartition property and several entropy densities are investigated, in particular, the relation of the Gibbs condition to relative entropies. Although this paper is not intended to be a review, we try to give an overview of the theory of quantum Gibbs states in the mathematical sense. The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 provides an introduction and further sections contain our new results. Each section is closed with a short discussion on sources and references.
Bridging the second law of thermodynamics and microscopic reversible dynamics has been a longstanding problem in statistical physics. Here, we address this problem on the basis of quantum many-body physics, and discuss how the entropy production saturates in isolated quantum systems under unitary dynamics. First, we rigorously prove that the entropy production does indeed saturate in the long time regime, even when the total system is in a pure state. Second, we discuss the non-negativity of the entropy production at saturation, implying the second law of thermodynamics. This is based on the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, which states that even a single energy eigenstate is thermal. We also numerically demonstrate that the entropy production saturates at a non-negative value even when the initial state of a heat bath is a single energy eigenstate. Our results reveal fundamental properties of the entropy production in isolated quantum systems at late times.