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arXiv:math-ph/0008030 · Journal of Mathematical Physics

Ideal quantum gases in D-dimensional space and power-law potentials

Luca Salasnich

Published Dec 1, 2000• 69 citations
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Abstract

We investigate ideal quantum gases in D-dimensional space and confined in a generic external potential by using the semiclassical approximation. In particular, we derive density of states, density profiles and critical temperatures for Fermions and Bosons trapped in isotropic power-law potentials. From such results, one can easily obtain those of quantum gases in a rigid box and in a harmonic trap. Finally, we show that the Bose–Einstein condensation can set up in a confining power-law potential if and only if D/2+D/n>1, where D is the space dimension and n is the power-law exponent.

DOI
10.1063/1.1322078

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We investigate ideal quantum gases in D-dimensional space and confined in a generic external potential by using the semiclassical approximation. In particular, we derive density of states, density profiles and critical temperatures for Fermions and Bosons trapped in isotropic power-law potentials. From such results, one can easily obtain those of quantum gases in a rigid box and in a harmonic trap. Finally, we show that the Bose–Einstein condensation can set up in a confining power-law potential if and only if D/2+D/n>1, where D is the space dimension and n is the power-law exponent.
This paper is concerned with thermostatistics of both D-dimensional Bose and Fermi ideal gases in a confining potential of type Arn+Br-n, where A, B are strictly positive constants and n is the power-law exponent. The investigation is performed in the framework of the semiclassical approximation. Some physical quantities for such systems are derived, like the density of states, density profiles and the number of particles. Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) is discussed in the high and low temperature limits corresponding to T→∞ and T→0, respectively.
The critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation, ground-state fraction, and heat capacity of an ideal gas of Bose particles that are confined by an n-dimensional generic power-law potential trap are derived. The conditions for Bose-Einstein condensation and the discontinuous conditions of the heat capacity at critical temperature are obtained. All these quantities and conditions are found to vary markedly with the dimensionality of space, characteristics of particles, and shape of the external potential. The results obtained here are universal.
Thermodynamic properties of ideal Bose gas trapped in an external generic power law potential are investigated systematically from the grand thermodynamic potential in ddd dimensional space. The most general conditions for Bose-Einstein condensate and the discontinuous conditions of heat capacity at the critical temperature in presence of generic power law potential are presented in this manuscript. The dependence of the physical quantities on external potential, particle characteristics and space dimensionality are discussed. The more general results obtained in this paper presents an unified illustration of Bose-Einstein condensation of ideal Bose systems as they reduces to the expressions and conclusions available in the literature with appropiate choice of power law exponent.
A generalization of the semiclassical approximation is suggested allowing for an essential extension of its region of applicability. In particular, it becomes possible to describe Bose-Einstein condensation of a trapped gas in low-dimensional traps and in traps of low confining dimensions, for which the standard semiclassical approximation is not applicable. The result of the modified approach is shown to coincide with purely quantum-mechanical calculations for harmonic traps, including the one-dimensional harmonic trap. The advantage of the semiclassical approximation is in its simplicity and generality. Power-law potentials of arbitrary powers are considered. The effective thermodynamic limit is defined for any confining dimension. The behavior of the specific heat, isothermal compressibility, and density fluctuations is analyzed, with an emphasis on low confining dimensions, where the usual semiclassical method fails. The peculiarities of the thermodynamic characteristics in the effective thermodynamic limit are discussed.
The density of states and thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas system trapped in a generic power-law potential in an n -dimensional space are studied. A unified description for the Bose, Fermi and classical gases is given by using the grand potential of the system. Consequently, not only the results in current textbooks of statistical mechanics but also some new general important conclusions, such as the conditions for the occurence of Bose-Eisntein condensation in a trapped Bose system in any dimensional space, can be derived directly using the results of this paper.