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arXiv:hep-th/9603112 · International Journal of Modern Physics A

Algebraic Bosonization: The Study of the Heisenberg and Calogero–Sutherland Models

M. Frau, S. Sciuto, Alberto Lerda A, Guillermo R. Zemba

Published Oct 10, 1997• 14 citations
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Abstract

We propose an approach to treating (1 + 1)-dimensional fermionic systems based on the idea of algebraic bosonization. This amounts to decomposing the elementary low-lying excitations around the Fermi surface in terms of basic building blocks carrying a representation of the [Formula: see text] algebra, which is the dynamical symmetry of the Fermi quantum incompressible fluid. This symmetry simply expresses the local particle number current conservation at the Fermi surface. The general approach is illustrated in detail through two examples: the Heisenberg and Calogero–Sutherland models, which allow comparison with the exact Bethe ansatz solution.

DOI
10.1142/s0217751x97002498

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We propose an approach to treating (1 + 1)-dimensional fermionic systems based on the idea of algebraic bosonization. This amounts to decomposing the elementary low-lying excitations around the Fermi surface in terms of basic building blocks carrying a representation of the [Formula: see text] algebra, which is the dynamical symmetry of the Fermi quantum incompressible fluid. This symmetry simply expresses the local particle number current conservation at the Fermi surface. The general approach is illustrated in detail through two examples: the Heisenberg and Calogero–Sutherland models, which allow comparison with the exact Bethe ansatz solution.
We describe the recently introduced method of algebraic bosonization of the (1+1)(1+1)(1+1)-dimensional Luttinger systems by discussing in detail the specific case of the Calogero-Sutherland model, and mentioning the hard-core Bose gas. We also compare our findings with the exact Bethe Ansatz results.
The 40-year-old Calogero-Sutherland (CS) model remains a source of inspirations for understanding 1d interacting fermions. At β=1,or0β=1, \text{or}0β=1,or0, the CS model describes a free non-relativistic fermion, or boson theory, while for generic βββ, the system can be interpreted either as interacting fermions or bosons, or free anyons depending on the context. However, we shall show in this letter that the fermionic picture is advantageous in diagonalizing the CS Hamiltonian. Comparing to the previously known multi-integral representation or the Dunkl operator formalism for the CS wave functions, our method depends on the (upper or lower) triangular nature of the fermion interaction, which is resolved in perturbation theory of the second quantized form. The eigenstate is constructed from a multiplet of unperturbed states and the perturbation is of finite order. The full construction is a similarity transformation from the free fermion theory, in the same spirit as the Landau Fermi liquid theory and the 1d Luttinger liquid theory. That means quasi-particles or anyons can be represented in terms of free fermion modes (or bosonic modes via bosonization). The method is applicable to other (higher than one space dimension) systems for which the adiabatic theorem applies.
Interactions in many-body systems bring about collective phenomena such as superconductivity and magnetism. In many cases, simple mean-field theory provides a basic understanding of these phenomena. In fermion systems in one dimension, however, neither the mean-field theory nor perturbation theory works if it starts from the non-interacting fermions. This is because the interaction effects in one dimension are much stronger than those in higher dimensions. Intuitively speaking, two particles cannot avoid collision in a single-way track in contrast with two and three dimensions. Thus the interaction effects appear in a drastic way in one dimension. Another aspect in one dimension, which overcompensates the difficulty of perturbation and mean-field theories, is that a complete account of interaction effects is possible under certain conditions. The class of systems satisfying such conditions is referred to as exactly solvable. Soon after the establishment of quantum mechanics, Bethe solved exactly the Heisenberg spin model in one dimension [28]. The basic idea of the solution is now called the Bethe ansatz. Since then, theoretical physics in one dimension has developed into a magnificent edifice, including sophisticated mathematical techniques. In many cases, the eigenfunctions derived by the Bethe ansatz consist of plane waves that are defined stepwise for each spatial configuration of particles. Since the coefficients of plane waves depend on the configuration, the property of the wave function cannot be made explicit without detailed knowledge of these coefficients. We mention some of the recent monographs on the Bethe ansatz and its extensions [54, 118, 179]. A comprehensive account on exactly solvable models has recently been given by Sutherland [178].