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arXiv:hep-th/0207218

Quantum Fluctuations of Effective Fields and the Correspondence Principle

Kirill A. Kazakov

Published Jul 24, 2002• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The question of Bohr correspondence in quantum field theory is considered from a dynamical point of view. It is shown that the classical description of particle interactions is inapplicable even in the limit of large particles' masses because of finite quantum fluctuations of the fields produced. In particular, it is found that the relative value of the root mean square fluctuation of the Coulomb and Newton potentials of a massive particle is equal to 1/sqrt{2}. It is shown also that in the case of a macroscopic body, the quantum fluctuations are suppressed by a factor 1/sqrt{N}, where N is the number of particles in the body. An adequate macroscopic interpretation of the correspondence principle is given.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0207218

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The question of Bohr correspondence in quantum field theory is considered from a dynamical point of view. It is shown that the classical description of particle interactions is inapplicable even in the limit of large particles' masses because of finite quantum fluctuations of the fields produced. In particular, it is found that the relative value of the root mean square fluctuation of the Coulomb and Newton potentials of a massive particle is equal to 1/sqrt{2}. It is shown also that in the case of a macroscopic body, the quantum fluctuations are suppressed by a factor 1/sqrt{N}, where N is the number of particles in the body. An adequate macroscopic interpretation of the correspondence principle is given.
In this paper we suggest a simple mathematical procedure to derive the classical probability density of quantum systems via Bohr’s correspondence principle. Using Fourier expansions for the classical and quantum distributions, we assume that the Fourier coefficients coincide for the case of large quantum number. We illustrate the procedure by analyzing the classical limit for the quantum harmonic oscillator and the particle in a box, although the method is quite general. We find, in an analytical fashion, the classical distribution arising from the quantum one as the zeroth order term in an expansion in powers of Planck’s constant. We interpret the correction terms as residual quantum effects at the microscopic-macroscopic boundary.
According to the correspondence principle, as formulated by Bohr, both in the old and the modern quantum theory, the classical limit should be recovered for large values of the quantum numbers in any quantum system. However, this classical limit of quantum theory is not so straightforward as in the interface of other generalizations of classical mechanics and other domains. In particular, relativistic kinematics and mechanics reduce to Newtonian equations by simple algebra in the case of bodies moving with small velocities compared to the speed of light in vacuum. In this paper we consider the correspondence limit to the two-body problem in gravitational physics, the limit in which both the principal and the angular quantum numbers, N, L are very large. In this limit, we compare with the classical elliptical orbits and we find that the macroscopic coherent quantum states correspond to the statistical average of every classical state compatible with conservation laws for the total energy and angular momentum. We also consider the perturbed Kepler problem with a central perturbation force proportional to the inverse of the cube of the distance to the central body. The exact solution for the quantum eigenstates shows that the first order perturbation to the energy eigenvalues are obtained classically as the temporal orbital average of the perturbation potential.
Quantum and classical mechanics are fundamentally different theories, but the correspondence principle states that quantum particles behave classically in the appropriate limit. For high-energy periodic quantum systems, the emergence of the classical description should be understood in a distributional sense, i.e., the quantum probability density approaches the classical distribution when the former is coarse-grained. Following a simple reformulation of this limit in the Fourier space, in this paper, we investigate the macroscopic behavior of freely falling quantum particles. To illustrate how the method works and to fix some ideas, we first successfully apply it to the case of a particle in a box. Next, we show that, for a particle bouncing under the gravity field, in the limit of a high quantum number, the leading term of the quantum distribution corresponds to the exact classical distribution plus sub-leading corrections, which we interpret as quantum corrections at the macroscopic level.
Niels Bohr’s “correspondence principle” is typically believed to be the requirement that in the limit of large quantum numbers (n→∞) there is a statistical agreement between the quantum and classical frequencies. A closer reading of Bohr’s writings on the correspondence principle, however, reveals that this interpretation is mistaken. Specifically, Bohr makes the following three puzzling claims: First, he claims that the correspondence principle applies to small quantum numbers as well as large (while the statistical agreement of frequencies is only for large n); second, he claims that the correspondence principle is a law of quantum theory; and third, Bohr argues that formal apparatus of matrix mechanics (the new quantum theory) can be thought of as a precise formulation of the correspondence principle. With further textual evidence, I offer an alternative interpretation of the correspondence principle in terms of what I call Bohr’s selection rule. I conclude by showing how this new interpretation of the correspondence principle readily makes sense of Bohr’s three puzzling claims.
In the mid Sixties Edward Nelson proved the existence of a consistent quantum field theory that describes the Yukawa-like interaction of a non-relativistic nucleon field with a relativistic meson field. Since then it is thought, despite the renormalization procedure involved in the construction, that the quantum dynamics should be governed in the classical limit by a Schrödinger-Klein-Gordon system with Yukawa coupling. In the present paper we prove this fact in the form of a Bohr correspondence principle. Besides, our result enlighten the nature of the renormalization method employed in this model which we interpret as a strategy that allows to put the related classical Hamiltonian PDE in a normal form suitable for a canonical quantization.
Abstract Recent experimental results point to the existence of coherent quantum phenomena in systems made of a large number of particles, despite the fact that for many-body systems the presence of decoherence is hardly negligible and emerging classicality is expected. This behaviour hinges on collective observables, named quantum fluctuations , that retain a quantum character even in the thermodynamic limit: they provide useful tools for studying properties of many-body systems at the mesoscopic level, in-between the quantum microscopic scale and the classical macroscopic one. We herein present the general theory of quantum fluctuations in mesoscopic systems, and study their dynamics in a quantum open system setting, taking into account the unavoidable effects of dissipation and noise induced by the external environment. As in the case of microscopic systems, decoherence is not always the only dominating effect at the mesoscopic scale: certain types of environment can provide means for entangling collective fluctuations through a purely noisy mechanism.