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arXiv:hep-ph/0610195 · Annalen der Physik

From RHIC to LHC: a relativistic diffusion approach

Rolf Kuiper, Georg Wolschin

Published Oct 26, 2006• 18 citations
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Abstract

We investigate the energy dependence of stopping and hadron production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions based on a three-sources Relativistic Diffusion Model. The transport coefficients are extrapolated from Au + Au and Cu + Cu at RHIC energies (sqrt{s_NN)=19.6 - 200 GeV) to Pb + Pb at LHC energies sqrt{s_NN)= 5.52 TeV. Rapidity distributions for net protons, and pseudorapidity spectra for produced charged particles in central collisions are compared to data at RHIC energies, and discussed for several extrapolations to LHC energies.

DOI
10.1002/andp.200610225

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We investigate the energy dependence of stopping and hadron production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions based on a three-sources Relativistic Diffusion Model. The transport coefficients are extrapolated from Au + Au and Cu + Cu at RHIC energies (sqrt{s_NN)=19.6 - 200 GeV) to Pb + Pb at LHC energies sqrt{s_NN)= 5.52 TeV. Rapidity distributions for net protons, and pseudorapidity spectra for produced charged particles in central collisions are compared to data at RHIC energies, and discussed for several extrapolations to LHC energies.
Local kinetic equilibration is a prerequisite for hydrodynamics to be valid. Here it is described through a nonlinear diffusion equation for finite systems of fermions and bosons. The model is solved exactly for constant transport coefficients in both cases. It has the proper Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein equilibrium limits and can replace the relaxation-time approximation (RTA). The microscopic transport coefficients are determined through the macroscopic variables temperature and local equilibration time. Applications to the transverse energy of quarks and gluons in the initial stages of central relativistic heavy-ion collisions, and to bosonic and fermionic atoms at low energies appropriate for cold quantum gases are discussed.
Entanglement is an intrinsic property of quantum mechanics and is predicted to be exhibited in the particles produced at the Large Hadron Collider. A measurement of the extent of entanglement in top quark-antiquark (t¯t) events produced in proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV is performed with the data recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.3 fb−1 . The events are selected based on the presence of two leptons with opposite charges and high transverse momentum. An entanglement-sensitive observable D is derived from the top quark spin-dependent parts of the t¯t production density matrix and measured in the region of the t¯t production threshold. Values of D < −1/3 are evidence of entanglement and D is observed (expected) to be −0.480+0.026 −0.029 (−0.467+0.026 −0.029) at the parton level. With an observed significance of 5.1 standard deviations with respect to the non-entangled hypothesis, this provides observation of quantum mechanical entanglement within t¯t pairs in this phase space. This measurement provides a new probe of quantum mechanics at the highest energies ever produced.