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arXiv:gr-qc/9612043

Quantum Mechanics and Relativity --- Their Unification by Local Time ---

Hitoshi Kitada

Published Dec 17, 1996• 0 citations
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Abstract

A quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian with a gravitational potential is derived in the framework of local times. This Hamiltonian is the one used by E. H. Lieb (Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 22(1990), 1-49) in his explanation of stability and instability of cold stars. Our procedure deriving the Hamiltonian is based on an analysis of the process of the observation with the background of the notion of quantum-mechanical local times compatible with general theory of relativity.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/9612043

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The notions of time in the theories of Newton and Einstein are reviewed so that the difficulty which impedes the unification of quantum mechanics (QM) and general relativity (GR) is clarified. It is seen that GR by itself contains an intrinsic difficulty relating to the definition of local clocks, as well as that GR still requires a kind of absolute that can serve as an objective reference standard. We present a new understanding of time, which gives a consistent definition of a local time associated with each local system in a quantum mechanical way, so that it serves the requirements of both GR as well as QM. As a consequence, QM and GR are reconciled while preserving the current mathematical formulations of both theories.
In classical mechanics and standard quantum theory, time is treated as an absolute and external parameter, a universal background against which physical events unfold. The foundational theories of modern physics challenge this view. In special relativity, the passage of time depends on an observer's velocity; in general relativity, it depends on the local gravitational potential. This dynamic, observer-dependent nature of time raises fundamental questions about its status and necessitates a unified framework for performing operational calculations that are consistent across these domains.
As a continuation of Part I [8], a more precise formulation of local time and local system is given. The observation process is reflected in order to give a relation between the classical physics for centers of mass of local systems and the quantum mechanics inside a local system. The relation will give a unification of quantum mechanics and general relativity in some cases. The existence of local time and local motion is proved so that the stationary nature of the universe is shown to be consistent with the local motion.
The geometric form of standard quantum mechanics is compatible with the two postulates: (1) the laws of physics are invariant under the choice of experimental setup and (2) every quantum observation or event is intrinsically statistical. These postulates remain compatible within a background independent extension of quantum theory with a local intrinsic time implying the relativity of the concept of a quantum event. In this extension the space of quantum events becomes dynamical and only individual quantum events make sense observationally. At the core of such a general theory of quantum relativity is the three-way interplay between the symplectic form, the dynamical metric and non-integrable almost complex structure of the space of quantum events. Such a formulation provides a missing conceptual ingredient in the search for a background independent quantum theory of gravity and matter. The crucial new technical element in our scheme derives from a set of recent mathematical results on certain infinite-dimensional almost Kahler manifolds which replace the complex projective spaces of standard quantum mechanics.
The persistent challenge of unifying quantum mechanics with general relativity is often traced to a series of apparent structural tensions: complex versus real ontology, probabilistic versus deterministic dynamics, linear versus nonlinear evolution, and spectral discreteness versus geometric continuity. We argue that these tensions do not signal a fundamental incompatibility between the theories, but rather originate from surplus structure in the conventional formulation of quantum mechanics. The term unification is used in a structural sense, referring to compatibility of quantum dynamics with classical field theory rather than a modification of general relativity. Beginning from the physically indispensable requirement of matter stability, we prove that the Hamiltonian spectrum can always be shifted to become non-negative. The consequent positivity of energy enforces one-sided temporal frequency support for all physical unitary orbits. Equivalently, all scalar temporal components of physical states arise as boundary values of functions analytic in the lower half of the complex time plane, selecting the Hardy space—or, more generally, analytic tempered distributions—as the admissible solution space. In these spaces, the real and imaginary parts of the wave function are not independent; they are linked uniquely via the temporal Hilbert transform. Hence, the complex structure of quantum mechanics emerges as a representational artifact of an underlying real operator algebra. Building on our earlier work on Unified Quantum Mechanics and the Unified Real Wave Equation, we establish a rigorous proof of exact equivalence between the real-field evolution and the Schr\"odinger equation on the physical subspace. Probabilistic quantities arise naturally as quadratic invariants of analytic signals, rather than as independent postulates. We further show that quantum spectral discreteness arises from operator-theoretic confinement and boundary conditions on a smooth spacetime manifold, and does not imply any fundamental discreteness of spacetime. The resulting framework provides a real-field formulation of quantum mechanics and gravitation, with stability and causality implemented as foundational principles, and demonstrates that the Einstein field equations are compatible with a unified field-theoretic description of spacetime and matter. Extending the same analyticity principle to spacetime geometry, we propose an analytic formulation of the Einstein field equations, from which classical general relativity is recovered exactly as the real projection.