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arXiv:cond-mat/9912439 · Physical Review A

Quantum kinetic theory. VII. The influence of vapor dynamics on condensate growth

Matthew J. Davis, Crispin W. Gardiner, R. J. Ballagh

Published Nov 15, 2000• 47 citations
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Abstract

We extend earlier models of the growth of a Bose-Einstein condensate c.w. [Gardiner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1793 (1997); e-print cond-mat/9801027; Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5266 (1998)] to include the full dynamical effects of the thermal cloud by numerically solving a modified quantum Boltzmann equation. We determine the regime in which the assumptions of the simple model of Gardiner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5266 (1998)] are a reasonable approximation, and compare our results with those that were earlier compared with experimental data. We find good agreement with our earlier modeling, except at higher condensate fractions, for which a significant speedup is found. We also investigate the effect of the final temperature on condensate growth, and find that this has a surprisingly small effect. The particular discrepancy between theory and experiment found in our earlier model remains, since the speedup found in these computations does not occur in the parameter regime specified in the experiment.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.62.063608

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We extend earlier models of the growth of a Bose-Einstein condensate c.w. [Gardiner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1793 (1997); e-print cond-mat/9801027; Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5266 (1998)] to include the full dynamical effects of the thermal cloud by numerically solving a modified quantum Boltzmann equation. We determine the regime in which the assumptions of the simple model of Gardiner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5266 (1998)] are a reasonable approximation, and compare our results with those that were earlier compared with experimental data. We find good agreement with our earlier modeling, except at higher condensate fractions, for which a significant speedup is found. We also investigate the effect of the final temperature on condensate growth, and find that this has a surprisingly small effect. The particular discrepancy between theory and experiment found in our earlier model remains, since the speedup found in these computations does not occur in the parameter regime specified in the experiment.
A detailed analysis of the growth of a Bose-Einstein condensate is given, based on quantum kinetic theory, in which we take account of the evolution of the occupations of lower trap levels, and of the full Bose-Einstein formula for the occupations of higher trap levels, as well as the Bose-stimulated direct transfer of atoms to the condensate level introduced by Gardiner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1793 (1997); 81, 5266 (1998)]. We find good agreement with experiment at higher temperatures, but at lower temperatures the experimentally observed growth rate is somewhat more rapid. We also confirm the picture of the ``kinetic'' region of evolution, introduced by Kagan, Svistunov, and Shlyapnikov (Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 101, 528 (1992) [Sov. Phys. JETP 75, 387 (1992)]), for the time up to the initiation of the condensate. The behavior after initiation essentially follows our original growth equation, but with a substantially increased rate coefficient. Our modeling of growth implicitly gives a model of the spatial shape of the density profile of the condensate-vapor system as the condensate grows, and thus provides an alternative to the present phenomenological fitting procedure, based on the sum of a zero-chemical potential vapor and a Thomas-Fermi-shaped condensate. Our method gives substantially different results for condensate numbers and temperatures obtained from phenomenological fits, but fits the published column density data very well.
We extend the earlier model of condensate growth of Davis et al (Davis M J, Gardiner C W and Ballagh R J 2000 Phys. Rev. A 62 063608) to include the effect of gravity in a magnetic trap. We carry out calculations to model the experiment reported by Köhl et al (Köhl M, Davis M J, Gardiner C W, Hänsch T and Esslinger T 2001 Preprint cond-mat/0106642) who study the formation of a rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate for a range of evaporative cooling parameters. We find that, in the regime where our model is valid, the theoretical curves agree with all the experimental data with no fitting parameters. However, for the slowest cooling of the gas the theoretical curve deviates significantly from the experimental curves. It is possible that this discrepancy may be related to the formation of a quasicondensate.
In a major extension of our previous model [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1793 (1997)] of condensate growth, we take account of the evolution of the occupations of lower trap levels, and of the full Bose-Einstein formula for the occupations of higher trap levels. We find good agreement with experiment, especially at higher temperatures. We also confirm the picture of the ``kinetic'' region of evolution, introduced by Kagan et al., for the time up to the initiation of the condensate. The behavior after initiation essentially follows our original growth equation, but with a substantially increased rate coefficient W+{W}^{+}W+.
We study the dynamics of condensate formation in an inhomogeneous trapped Bose gas with a positive interatomic scattering length. We take into account both the nonequilibrium kinetics of the thermal cloud and the Hartree-Fock mean-field effects in the condensed and the noncondensed parts of the gas. Our growth equations are solved numerically by assuming that the thermal component behaves ergodically and that the condensate, treated within the Thomas-Fermi approximation, grows adiabatically. Our simulations are in good qualitative agreement with experiment, however important discrepancies concerning details of the growth behavior remain.
Evaporative cooling of trapped atoms is studied based on the quantum kinetic theory. We extend the classical analysis of Luiten et al. [Phys. Rev. A 53, 381 (1996)] to treat Bose statistics of alkali-metal atoms. Dynamics in evaporative cooling process is described by a kinetic equation for the truncated Bose-Einstein distribution function under the assumption that the system is close to the thermal equilibrium. This approach is applicable to the ``slow'' evaporative cooling normally adopted in most experiments for the efficient production of Bose-Einstein condensates. Time-evolution calculations explain the current experiment well with sodium atoms using a slow evaporative cooling and demonstrate a rapid growth of condensate in the cooling process.