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arXiv:cond-mat/9907169 · Physical Review A

Coherently scattering atoms from an excited Bose-Einstein condensate

M. Bijlsma, Henk T. C. Stoof

Published Jun 12, 2000• 5 citations
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Abstract

We consider scattering atoms from a fully Bose-Einstein condensed gas. If we take these atoms to be identical to those in the Bose-Einstein condensate, this scattering process is to a large extent analogous to Andreev reflection from the interface between a superconducting and a normal metal. We determine the scattering wave function in both the absence and the presence of a vortex. Our results show a qualitative difference between these two cases that can be understood as due to an Aharonov-Bohm effect. It leads to the possibility to experimentally study vortices in a nondestructive way.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.62.013605

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We consider scattering atoms from a fully Bose-Einstein condensed gas. If we take these atoms to be identical to those in the Bose-Einstein condensate, this scattering process is to a large extent analogous to Andreev reflection from the interface between a superconducting and a normal metal. We determine the scattering wave function in both the absence and the presence of a vortex. Our results show a qualitative difference between these two cases that can be understood as due to an Aharonov-Bohm effect. It leads to the possibility to experimentally study vortices in a nondestructive way.
We consider the quantum reflection of vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates incident on a solid surface. Compared with the condensate without angular momentum, the rotation of the vortex gives unique opportunities to consider the interaction process between a matter wave and a solid surface. Due to the atom-surface interaction and dynamic excitations induced by interatomic interaction, our numerical simulations show that the reflected vortex would become unstable for sufficiently low velocity and large interaction strength. The stability diagram for the reflected vortex is given, and physical mechanism for this stability diagram is discussed. It is found that the expansion ratio between the reflected and incident vortices gives the boundary between stable and unstable regions for the reflected vortex.
We investigate how Bose-Einstein condensates, whose initial state is either irrotational or contains a single vortex, scatter off a one-dimensional Gaussian tunnel barrier. We find that for low atom densities the vortex structure within the condensate is maintained during scattering, whereas at medium and high densities, multiple additional vortices can be created by the scattering process, resulting in complex dynamics and disruption of the atom cloud. This disruption originates from two different mechanisms associated, respectively, with the initial rotation of the atom cloud and the interference between the incident and reflected matter waves.
We calculate the spectrum of the scattered light from quantum degenerate atomic gases obeying Bose-Einstein statistics. The atoms are assumed to occupy two ground states, which are optically coupled through a common excited state by two low-intensity off-resonant light beams. In the presence of a Bose condensate in both ground states, the atoms may exhibit light-induced oscillations between the two condensates analogous to the Josephson effect. The spectrum of the scattered light is calculated in the limit of a low oscillation frequency. In the spectrum we are able to observe qualitative features depending on the phase difference between the macroscopic wave functions of the two condensates. Thus, our optical scheme could possibly be used as an experimental realization of the spontaneous breakdown of the U(1) gauge symmetry in the Bose-Einstein condensation.
Abstract Understanding quantum dynamics in a two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate relies on understanding how vortices interact with each other microscopically and with local imperfections of the potential which confines the condensate. Within a system consisting of many vortices, the trajectory of a vortex–antivortex pair is often scattered by a third vortex, an effect previously characterised. However, the natural question remains as to how much of this effect is due to the velocity induced by this third vortex and how much is due to the density inhomogeneity which it introduces. In this work, we describe the various qualitative scenarios which occur when a vortex–antivortex pair interacts with a smooth density impurity whose profile is identical to that of a vortex but lacks the circulation around it.
The Aharonov–Bohm effect was discovered as a quantum-mechanical effect for charged particles, but it has its counterpart in classical wave mechanics. The Aharonov–Bohm interference arises at the scattering of a sound wave by a vortex in classical and quantum hydrodynamics. This interference leads to a transverse force between quasiparticles and vortices in superfluids and superconductors. The Aharonov–Bohm effect was also generalized to neutral particles with magnetic or electric dipole momenta. The Aharonov–Bohm effect for charge particles and its modification for magnetic momenta (the Aharonov–Casher effect) have already been experimentally observed, and the efforts to detect the Aharonov–Bohm effect for electrically polarized neutral particles are on the way. A possible system for this detection is a Bose-condensate of excitons in a double quantum well. Observation of the Aharonov–Bohm effect in this system would provide direct evidence of Bose–Einstein condensation.