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arXiv:cond-mat/9808301 · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

The one-dimensional Kondo lattice model studied by the density matrix renormalization group method

Naokazu Shibata, Kazuo Ueda

Published Jan 1, 1999• 71 citations
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Abstract

Recent developments in the theoretical investigation of the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model by using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method are discussed in this review. Short summaries are given of the zero-temperature DMRG method, the finite-temperature DMRG method, and also the application of the finite- T DMRG to dynamic quantities. Away from half-filling, the paramagnetic metallic state is shown to be a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid with a large Fermi surface. The size of the large Fermi surface is determined by the sum of the densities of the conduction electrons and the localized spins. The correlation exponent of this metallic phase is smaller than 1/2. At half-filling the ground state is insulating. The excitation gaps are different, depending on the channels, the spin gap, the charge gap and the quasiparticle gap. The temperature dependence of the spin and charge susceptibilities and the specific heat are discussed. Particularly interesting is the temperature dependence of various excitation spectra, which indicates unusual properties for the Kondo insulators.

DOI
10.1088/0953-8984/11/2/002

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Recent developments in the theoretical investigation of the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model by using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method are discussed in this review. Short summaries are given of the zero-temperature DMRG method, the finite-temperature DMRG method, and also the application of the finite- T DMRG to dynamic quantities. Away from half-filling, the paramagnetic metallic state is shown to be a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid with a large Fermi surface. The size of the large Fermi surface is determined by the sum of the densities of the conduction electrons and the localized spins. The correlation exponent of this metallic phase is smaller than 1/2. At half-filling the ground state is insulating. The excitation gaps are different, depending on the channels, the spin gap, the charge gap and the quasiparticle gap. The temperature dependence of the spin and charge susceptibilities and the specific heat are discussed. Particularly interesting is the temperature dependence of various excitation spectra, which indicates unusual properties for the Kondo insulators.
The finite-T DMRG method is applied to the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model to calculate dynamic correlation functions. Dynamic spin and charge correlations, S_f(omega), S_c(omega), and N_c(omega), and quasiparticle density of states rho(omega) are calculated in the paramagnetic metallic phase for various temperatures and hole densities. Near half filling, it is shown that a pseudogap grows in these dynamic correlation functions below the crossover temperature characterized by the spin gap at half filling. A sharp peak at omega=0 evolves at low temperatures in S_f(omega) and N_c(omega). This may be an evidence of the formation of the collective excitations, and this confirms that the metallic phase is a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid in the low temperature limit.
The finite-temperature density-matrix renormalization-group method is applied to the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model near half filling to study its thermodynamics. The spin and charge susceptibilities and entropy are calculated down to T=0.03t. We find two crossover temperatures near half filling. The higher crossover temperature continuously connects to the spin gap at half filling, and the susceptibilities are suppressed around this temperature. At low temperatures, the susceptibilities increase again with decreasing temperature when doping is finite. We confirm that they finally approach to the values obtained in the Tomonaga-Luttinger (TL) liquid ground state for several parameters. The crossover temperature to the TL liquid is a new energy scale determined by gapless excitations of the TL liquid. The transition from the metallic phase to the insulating phase is accompanied by the vanishing of the lower crossover temperature.
Thermodynamic properties of the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model at half-filling are studied by the density matrix renormalization group method applied to the quantum transfer matrix. Spin susceptibility, charge susceptibility, and specific heat are calculated down to T=0.1t for various exchange constants. The obtained results clearly show crossover behavior from the high temperature regime of nearly independent localized spins and conduction electrons to the low temperature regime where the two degrees of freedom couple strongly. The low temperature energy scales of the charge and spin susceptibilities are determined and shown to be equal to the quasiparticle gap and the spin gap, respectively, for weak exchange couplings.
The paramagnetic metallic phase of the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model is studied by the density matrix renormalization group method. We observe charge and spin Friedel oscillations. They reflect the long- range charge-charge and spin-spin correlation functions. The observed oscillations are consistent with a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid. From the period of the oscillations it is concluded that the Fermi surface is large, including both the conduction electrons and the localized spins, kF{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{F}}kF​=\ensuremath{\pi}(1+nc{\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{c}}nc​)/2, where nc{\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{c}}nc​ is the density of conduction electrons. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Combination of the finite-temperature density-matrix renormalization group and the maximum entropy presents a new method to calculate dynamic quantities of one-dimensional many-body systems. In the present paper, density of states, local dynamic spin, and charge correlation functions of the one-dimensional Kondo insulator are discussed. Excitation gaps open with decreasing temperature and the gaps take different values depending on channels. The excitation spectra change qualitatively around the characteristic temperature corresponding to the spin gap which is the lowest energy scale of the Kondo insulator.
The quantum phase transition from a spin-Peierls phase with a small Fermi surface to a paramagnetic Luttinger-liquid phase with a large Fermi surface is studied in the framework of a one-dimensional Kondo-Heisenberg model that consists of an electron gas away from half filling, coupled to a spin-1/2 chain by Kondo interactions. The Kondo spins are further coupled to each other with isotropic nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic Heisenberg interactions which are tuned to the Majumdar-Ghosh point. Focusing on three-eighths filling and using the density-matrix renormalization-group (DMRG) method, we show that the zero-temperature transition between the phases with small and large Fermi momenta appears continuous, and involves a new intermediate phase where the Fermi surface is not well defined. The intermediate phase is spin gapped and has Kondo-spin correlations that show incommensurate modulations. Our results appear incompatible with the local picture for the quantum phase transition in heavy fermion compounds, which predicts an abrupt change in the size of the Fermi momentum.