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arXiv:cond-mat/9711036

Hydrodynamic damping in trapped Bose gases

Tetsuro Nikuni, Adam Griffin

Published Nov 5, 1997• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Griffin, Wu and Stringari have derived the hydrodynamic equations of a trapped dilute Bose gas above the Bose-Einstein transition temperature. We give the extension which includes hydrodynamic damping, following the classic work of Uehling and Uhlenbeck based on the Chapman-Enskog procedure. Our final result is a closed equation for the velocity fluctuations $δv$ which includes the hydrodynamic damping due to the shear viscosity $η$ and the thermal conductivity $κ$. Following Kavoulakis, Pethick and Smith, we introduce a spatial cutoff in our linearized equations when the density is so low that the hydrodynamic description breaks down. Explicit expressions are given for $η$ and $κ$, which are position-dependent through dependence on the local fugacity when one includes the effect of quantum degeneracy of the trapped gas. We also discuss a trapped Bose-condensed gas, generalizing the work of Zaremba, Griffin and Nikuni to include hydrodynamic damping due to the (non-condensate) normal fluid.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/9711036

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Canadian Journal of Physics•Apr 5, 2000•9 citations
Griffin, Wu and Stringari have derived the hydrodynamic equations of a trapped dilute Bose gas above the Bose-Einstein transition temperature. We give the extension which includes hydrodynamic damping, following the classic work of Uehling and Uhlenbeck based on the Chapman-Enskog procedure. Our final result is a closed equation for the velocity fluctuations δvδvδv which includes the hydrodynamic damping due to the shear viscosity ηηη and the thermal conductivity κκκ. Following Kavoulakis, Pethick and Smith, we introduce a spatial cutoff in our linearized equations when the density is so low that the hydrodynamic description breaks down. Explicit expressions are given for ηηη and κκκ, which are position-dependent through dependence on the local fugacity when one includes the effect of quantum degeneracy of the trapped gas. We also discuss a trapped Bose-condensed gas, generalizing the work of Zaremba, Griffin and Nikuni to include hydrodynamic damping due to the (non-condensate) normal fluid.
Griffin, Wu and Stringari have derived the hydrodynamic equations of a trapped dilute Bose gas above the Bose-Einstein transition temperature. We give the extension which includes hydrodynamic damping, following the classic work of Uehling and Uhlenbeck based on the Chapman-Enskog procedure. Our final result is a closed equation for the velocity fluctuations δv which includes the hydrodynamic damping due to the shear viscosity η and the thermal conductivity κ. Following Kavoulakis, Pethick and Smith, we introduce a spatial cutoff in our linearized equations when the density is so low that the hydrodynamic description breaks down. Explicit expressions are given for η and κ, which are position-dependent through dependence on the local fugacity when one includes the effect of quantum degeneracy of the trapped gas. We also discuss a trapped Bose-condensed gas, generalizing the work of Zaremba, Griffin and Nikuni to include hydrodynamic damping due to the (non-condensate) normal fluid.
Starting from the quantum kinetic equation for the noncondensate atoms and the generalized Gross--Pitaevskii equation for the condensate, we derive the two-fluid hydrodynamic equations of a trapped Bose gas at finite temperatures. We follow the standard Chapman--Enskog procedure, starting from a solution of the kinetic equation corresponding to the complete local equilibrium between the condensate and the noncondensate components. Our hydrodynamic equations are shown to reduce to a form identical to the well-known Landau-Khalatnikov two-fluid equations, with hydrodynamic damping due to the deviation from local equilibrium. The deviation from local equilibrium within the thermal cloud gives rise to dissipation associated with shear viscosity and thermal conduction. In addition, we show that effects due to the deviation from the diffusive local equilibrium between the condensate and the noncondensate (recently considered by Zaremba, Nikuni, and Griffin) can be described by four frequency-dependent second viscosity transport coefficients. We also derive explicit formulas for all the transport coefficients. These results are used to introduce two new characteristic relaxation times associated with hydrodynamic damping. These relaxation times give the rate at which local equilibrium is reached and hence determine whether one is in the two-fluid hydrodynamic region.
In Chapter 17, we derived the Landau–Khalatnikov two-fluid hydrodynamics which describes the collision-dominated region of a trapped Bose condensate interacting with a thermal cloud. In this chapter, we use these equations to discuss the damping of the hydrodynamic collective modes in a trapped Bose gas at finite temperatures. We derive variational expressions based on these equations for both the frequency and the damping of collective modes. This extends the analysis in Chapter 16 in which a variational approach was developed to calculate the hydrodynamic two-fluid oscillation frequencies in the non-dissipative limit. A novel feature of our treatment is the introduction of frequency-dependent transport coefficients, which produce a natural cutoff eliminating the collisionless region in the low-density tail of the thermal cloud. Our expression for the damping in trapped superfluid Bose gases is a natural generalization of the approach used by Landau and Lifshitz (1959) for uniform classical fluids. This chapter is mainly based on Nikuni and Griffin (2004). In Chapters 15 and 17, we derived a closed set of two-fluid hydrodynamic equations for a trapped Bose-condensed gas starting from the simplified microscopic model describing the coupled dynamics of the condensate and noncondensate atoms given in Chapter 3. These hydrodynamic two-fluid equations include dissipative terms associated with the shear viscosity, the thermal conductivity and the four second viscosity coefficients. Explicit formulas for these transport coefficients were derived in Section 18.1. Our goal in this chapter is to find a general expression for the damping of the two-fluid modes in terms of these transport coefficients. We emphasize that the damping of hydrodynamic two-fluid oscillations is completely different in nature from the Landau and Beliaev damping of oscillations in the collisionless region which is treated in Chapters 12 and 13.
In Chapter 15, we showed that in the limit of short collision times the coupled equations of motion for the condensate and noncondensate atoms lead to Landau's non-dissipative two-fluid hydrodynamics. However the approach used in Chapter 15 was not based on a small expansion parameter, in contrast with the more systematic Chapman–Enskog procedure used to derive hydrodynamic damping in the kinetic theory of classical gases. In the present chapter, we generalize the procedure of Chapter 15 to trapped Bose-condensed gases, in order to derive two-fluid hydrodynamic equations that include dissipation due to transport processes. We solve the kinetic equation by expanding the nonequilibrium single-particle distribution function f ( p, r , t ) around the distribution function f (0) ( p, r , t ) that describes complete local equilibrium between the condensate and the noncondensate components. All hydrodynamic damping effects are included by taking into account deviations from the local equilibrium distribution function f (0) . Our discussion for a trapped Bose gas is a natural extension of the pioneering work of Kirkpatrick and Dorfman (1983, 1985a) for a uniform Bose-condensed gas. This chapter is mainly based on their work as well as on Nikuni and Griffin (2001a,b). We will prove that, with appropriate definitions of various thermodynamic variables, our two-fluid hydrodynamic equations including damping have precisely the structure of those first derived by Landau and Khalatnikov for superfluid He. In particular, the damping associated with the collisional exchange of atoms between the condensate and noncondensate components, which is discussed at length in Chapter 15, is now expressed in terms of frequency-dependent second viscosity coefficients. This special type of damping is a characteristic signature of a dilute Bose superfluid and exists in addition to the hydrodynamic damping associated with the shear viscosity and thermal conductivity of the normal fluid.
We calculate the damping of low-lying collective modes of a trapped Bose gas in the hydrodynamic regime, and show that this comes solely from the shear viscosity, since the contributions from bulk viscosity and thermal conduction vanish. The hydrodynamic expression for the damping diverges due to the failure of hydrodynamics in the outer parts of the cloud, and we take this into account by a physically motivated cutoff procedure. Our analysis of available experimental data indicates that higher densities than have yet been achieved are necessary for investigating hydrodynamic modes above the Bose-Einstein transition temperature.
We extend our recent work on the two-fluid hydrodynamics of the condensate and noncondensate in a trapped Bose gas by including the dissipation associated with viscosity and thermal conduction in the thermal cloud. For purposes of illustration, we consider the hydrodynamic modes in the case of a uniform Bose gas. A finite thermal conductivity and shear viscosity give rise to a damping of the first and second sound modes, in addition to the damping found previously due to the lack of diffusive equilibrium between the condensate and noncondensate. The relaxational mode associated with this equilibration process is strongly coupled to thermal fluctuations and reduces to the usual thermal diffusion mode above the Bose-Einstein transition. In contrast to the standard Landau two-fluid hydrodynamics, we predict a damped mode centered at zero frequency, in addition to the usual second sound doublet.PACS Nos.: 03.75.Fi, 05.30Jp, 67.40.Db