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arXiv:cond-mat/9612178 · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics

Random matrix theory and classical statistical mechanics: Spin models

H. Meyer, J C Anglès d'Auriac

Published Jun 1, 1997• 13 citations
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Abstract

We present a statistical analysis of spectra of transfer matrices of classical lattice spin models; this continues the work on the eight-vertex model of the preceding paper [H. Meyer, J.-C. Angl`es d'Auriac, and J.-M. Maillard, Phys. Rev. E 55, 5261 (1997)]. We show that the statistical properties of these spectra can serve as a criterion of integrability. It also provides an operational numerical method to locate integrable varieties. In particular, we distinguish the notions of integrability and criticality, considering the two examples of the three-dimensional Ising critical point and the two-dimensional three-state Potts critical point. For complex spectra, which appear frequently in the context of transfer matrices, we show that the notion of independence of eigenvalues for integrable models still holds.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.55.6608

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Statistical and Dynamical Properties in the Energy Spectra of XXZ Spin Chains

Kazue Kudo

Spectral properties of XXZ spin chains are studied intensively. The integrable XXZ spin chain is one of the most important quantum integrable systems, and its Hamiltonian is given by H = J L ∑ j=1 (S j S x j+1 + S y j S y j+1 +∆S z jS z j+1). (1) Here, L is the number of sites; S j = 1 2 σ j and σ α j (α = x, y, z) is the Pauli matrix on the jth site. Equation (1) corresponds to the Heisenberg spin chain at ∆ = 1, to the XY model at ∆ = 0, and to the Ising spin chain when ∆ → ∞. In this thesis, we study on XXZ spin chains with next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) coupling and/or with a magnetic field as well as Eq. (1). First, we discuss level crossings in the energy spectra of the integrable XXZ spin chain. Some of the level crossings are counterexamples of a theorem by von Neumann and Wigner: two energy levels with the same symmetry rarely cross each other in the flow of the spectrum. Multiple degeneracies appear at the particular crossing points where the symmetry of the system is enhanced in the spectral flow. The eigenvalues and the eigenvectors are obtained in an analytical form for 3-site and 4-site chains. The spectral flow of a 6-site chain is shown by numerical calculation. Not only level crossings but also “level bifurcations” are found in the flow of eigenvalues for the inhomogeneous transfer matrix of the XXZ spin chain. The “level bifurcations” are branches such as bifurcation or multiple branches in the flow of eigenvalues and not observed for the homogeneous transfer matrix. The observations are obtained by numerical calculation. We also confirm the appearance of some of the branches through the Bethe ansatz method. The behavior of some branching points are analyzed in the flow of eigenvalues for a particular inhomogeneous case. Level statistics is discussed for the XXZ spin chains with NNN coupling or with a random magnetic field. Evaluating the level-spacing distribution, the spectral rigidity and the number variance, we confirm the following conjecture: the level-spacing distribution should be described by the Poisson distribution for an integrable model and by the Wigner distribution for a nonintegrable model. The XXZ spin chains with the NNN coupling (J2) or with a random magnetic field (h) are nonintegrable, so that mostly the level statistics shows Wigner behavior. However, the level statistics even for a nonintegrable model sometimes shows Poisson-like behavior because of the finite-size effects. For the NNN coupled XXZ spin chain, the behavior of level statistics comes close to the Poissonian around J2 = 0 and/or ∆ = 1. As h/J becomes large, Poisson-like behavior appears for the level statistics of the XXZ spin chain under random magnetic field. When h/J 0, however, Poisson-like behavior appears for small L. In addition to the Poisson-like behavior, unexpected non-Wigner behavior of level statistics can appear due to mixed symmetry. When we discuss level statistics, we have to consider the whole symmetry of a system and perform desymmetrization. The NNN coupled XXZ chains are invariant under spin rotation around the z axis, translation, reflection. However, we have to consider spin reversal symmetry only when S z tot = 0. If spin reversal symmetry is not considered for S z tot = 0, the behavior of level statistics is described by almost the numerical average of Poisson and Wigner behavior. To observe the dynamical properties of the energy spectra, we investigate energy diffusion for NNN coupled XXZ spin chains in the presence of a periodically oscillating magnetic field. Diffusion coefficients (D) are found to obey the power law with respect to both the field strength (B0) and driving frequency (ω): D ∝ (B0ω) . We observe that β = 2 for “linear response regime” and β = 1 for “non-perturbative regime”. In the linear response regime, the diffusion coefficient can be calculated using the Kubo formula. On the other hand, B0ω is so large in the non-perturbative regime that the perturbation theory fails. The diffusion coefficient is smaller than that predicted by the Kubo formula and the perturbation theory fails in the non-perturbative regime. The ranges of the linear response and the non-perturbative regimes depend on J2. When J2 is small, we observe large-amplitude oscillations, which is attributed to a non-diffusive and ballistic nature of the underlying energy diffusion. In this way, we investigate the energy spectra of finite quantum XXZ spin chains in several different aspects. We hope that the results of the thesis will contribute to the development of the physics of low-dimensional systems and mesoscopic systems.

•Jan 1, 2005•2 citations
We present a statistical analysis of spectra of transfer matrices of classical lattice spin models; this continues the work on the eight-vertex model of the preceding paper [H. Meyer, J.-C. Angl`es d'Auriac, and J.-M. Maillard, Phys. Rev. E 55, 5261 (1997)]. We show that the statistical properties of these spectra can serve as a criterion of integrability. It also provides an operational numerical method to locate integrable varieties. In particular, we distinguish the notions of integrability and criticality, considering the two examples of the three-dimensional Ising critical point and the two-dimensional three-state Potts critical point. For complex spectra, which appear frequently in the context of transfer matrices, we show that the notion of independence of eigenvalues for integrable models still holds.
A connection between integrability properties and general statistical properties of the spectra of symmetric transfer matrices of the asymmetric eight-vertex model is studied using random matrix theory (eigenvalue spacing distribution and spectral rigidity). For Yang-Baxter integrable cases, including free-fermion solutions, we found a Poissonian behavior, whereas level repulsion close to the Wigner distribution is found for nonintegrable models. For the asymmetric eight-vertex model, however, the level repulsion can also disappear, and the Poisson distribution be recovered on (non Yang-Baxter integrable) algebraic varieties, the so-called disorder varieties. We also present an infinite set of algebraic varieties which are stable under the action of an infinite discrete symmetry group of the parameter space. These varieties are possible loci for free parafermions. Using our numerical criterion, we tested the generic calculability of the model on these algebraic varieties.
The full spectrum of transfer matrices of the general eight-vertex model on a square lattice is obtained by numerical diagonalization. The eigenvalue spacing distribution and the spectral rigidity are analysed. In non-integrable regimes we have found eigenvalue repulsion as for the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble in random matrix theory. By contrast, in integrable regimes we have found eigenvalue independence leading to a Poissonian behaviour, and, for some points, level clustering. These first examples from classical statistical mechanics suggest that the conjecture of integrability successfully applied to quantum spin systems also holds for classical systems.
This chapter introduces the six-vertex model defined on a two-dimensional square lattice. It describes the model in detail, since it gives an important prototype of many solvable lattice models defined on two-dimensional lattices. The eight-vertex model, which generalizes the six-vertex model directly, may be considered as the most important exactly solvable model in statistical mechanics. The chapter explores some features of the six-vertex model defined on a square lattice. It reviews a method for diagonalizing the transfer matrix, which is called the coordinate Bethe ansatz, and provides the expressions of the free energy per site in the ferroelectric, the antiferroelectric and the disordered phases, respectively. The chapter discusses some mathematical theories associated with integrable models such as the braid group and the quantum groups. It outlines the Ising model, the Potts models and the chiral Potts model and then the eight-vertex model and the interaction-round-a-face models.
In this paper, we consider the parameterization of the spectra of the three-state critical Potts quantum chain with integrable twisted boundary conditions in terms of Bethe ansatz type equations. The Bethe equations are found by investigating the structure of the eigenvalues of the respective twisted transfer matrices, and with the help of certain identities satisfied by the product of transfer matrix operators. We have studied the completeness of the spectrum in terms of the Bethe roots for small lattice sizes and have computed the eigenstate momenta. We found that the spins of the low-lying excitations can have fractional values in accordance with predictions of the underlying conformal field theory. We argue that our framework can be used to build integrable Hamiltonians whose spectra are determined by mixing different toroidal boundary conditions.
Spectral properties of XXZ spin chains are studied intensively. The integrable XXZ spin chain is one of the most important quantum integrable systems, and its Hamiltonian is given by H = J L ∑ j=1 (S j S x j+1 + S y j S y j+1 +∆S z jS z j+1). (1) Here, L is the number of sites; S j = 1 2 σ j and σ α j (α = x, y, z) is the Pauli matrix on the jth site. Equation (1) corresponds to the Heisenberg spin chain at ∆ = 1, to the XY model at ∆ = 0, and to the Ising spin chain when ∆ → ∞. In this thesis, we study on XXZ spin chains with next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) coupling and/or with a magnetic field as well as Eq. (1). First, we discuss level crossings in the energy spectra of the integrable XXZ spin chain. Some of the level crossings are counterexamples of a theorem by von Neumann and Wigner: two energy levels with the same symmetry rarely cross each other in the flow of the spectrum. Multiple degeneracies appear at the particular crossing points where the symmetry of the system is enhanced in the spectral flow. The eigenvalues and the eigenvectors are obtained in an analytical form for 3-site and 4-site chains. The spectral flow of a 6-site chain is shown by numerical calculation. Not only level crossings but also “level bifurcations” are found in the flow of eigenvalues for the inhomogeneous transfer matrix of the XXZ spin chain. The “level bifurcations” are branches such as bifurcation or multiple branches in the flow of eigenvalues and not observed for the homogeneous transfer matrix. The observations are obtained by numerical calculation. We also confirm the appearance of some of the branches through the Bethe ansatz method. The behavior of some branching points are analyzed in the flow of eigenvalues for a particular inhomogeneous case. Level statistics is discussed for the XXZ spin chains with NNN coupling or with a random magnetic field. Evaluating the level-spacing distribution, the spectral rigidity and the number variance, we confirm the following conjecture: the level-spacing distribution should be described by the Poisson distribution for an integrable model and by the Wigner distribution for a nonintegrable model. The XXZ spin chains with the NNN coupling (J2) or with a random magnetic field (h) are nonintegrable, so that mostly the level statistics shows Wigner behavior. However, the level statistics even for a nonintegrable model sometimes shows Poisson-like behavior because of the finite-size effects. For the NNN coupled XXZ spin chain, the behavior of level statistics comes close to the Poissonian around J2 = 0 and/or ∆ = 1. As h/J becomes large, Poisson-like behavior appears for the level statistics of the XXZ spin chain under random magnetic field. When h/J 0, however, Poisson-like behavior appears for small L. In addition to the Poisson-like behavior, unexpected non-Wigner behavior of level statistics can appear due to mixed symmetry. When we discuss level statistics, we have to consider the whole symmetry of a system and perform desymmetrization. The NNN coupled XXZ chains are invariant under spin rotation around the z axis, translation, reflection. However, we have to consider spin reversal symmetry only when S z tot = 0. If spin reversal symmetry is not considered for S z tot = 0, the behavior of level statistics is described by almost the numerical average of Poisson and Wigner behavior. To observe the dynamical properties of the energy spectra, we investigate energy diffusion for NNN coupled XXZ spin chains in the presence of a periodically oscillating magnetic field. Diffusion coefficients (D) are found to obey the power law with respect to both the field strength (B0) and driving frequency (ω): D ∝ (B0ω) . We observe that β = 2 for “linear response regime” and β = 1 for “non-perturbative regime”. In the linear response regime, the diffusion coefficient can be calculated using the Kubo formula. On the other hand, B0ω is so large in the non-perturbative regime that the perturbation theory fails. The diffusion coefficient is smaller than that predicted by the Kubo formula and the perturbation theory fails in the non-perturbative regime. The ranges of the linear response and the non-perturbative regimes depend on J2. When J2 is small, we observe large-amplitude oscillations, which is attributed to a non-diffusive and ballistic nature of the underlying energy diffusion. In this way, we investigate the energy spectra of finite quantum XXZ spin chains in several different aspects. We hope that the results of the thesis will contribute to the development of the physics of low-dimensional systems and mesoscopic systems.