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arXiv:cond-mat/9611007 · Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Transport and conservation laws

X. Zotos, Félix Naef, Peter Prelovšek

Published May 1, 1997• 533 citations
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Abstract

We study the effect of conservation laws on the finite-temperature transport properties in one-dimensional integrable quantum many-body systems. We show that the energy current is closely related to the first conservation law in these systems and therefore the thermal transport coefficients are anomalous. Using an inequality on the time decay of current correlations we show how the existence of conserved quantities implies a finite charge stiffness (weight of the zero-frequency component of the conductivity) and so ideal conductivity at finite temperatures.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.55.11029

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We study the effect of conservation laws on the finite-temperature transport properties in one-dimensional integrable quantum many-body systems. We show that the energy current is closely related to the first conservation law in these systems and therefore the thermal transport coefficients are anomalous. Using an inequality on the time decay of current correlations we show how the existence of conserved quantities implies a finite charge stiffness (weight of the zero-frequency component of the conductivity) and so ideal conductivity at finite temperatures.
In integrable one-dimensional quantum systems an infinite set of local conserved quantities exists which can prevent a current from decaying completely. For cases like the spin current in the XXZ\mathit{XXZ}XXZ model at zero magnetic field or the charge current in the attractive Hubbard model at half filling, however, the current operator does not have overlap with any of the local conserved quantities. We show that in these situations transport at finite temperatures is dominated by a diffusive contribution with the Drude weight being either small or even zero. For the XXZ\mathit{XXZ}XXZ model we discuss in detail the relation between our results, the phenomenological theory of spin diffusion, and measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation rate in spin chain compounds. Furthermore, we study the Haldane-Shastry model where a conserved spin current exists.
We study numerically how conservation laws affect the optical conductivity σ(ω) of a slightly doped one-dimensional Mott insulator. We investigate a regime where the average distance between charge excitations is large compared to their thermal de Broglie wavelength and a classical description is possible. Due to conservation laws, the dc conductivity is infinite and the Drude weight D is finite even at finite temperatures. Our numerical results test and confirm exact theoretical predictions for D both for integrable and non-integrable models. Small deviations from integrability induce slowly decaying modes and, consequently, low-frequency peaks in σ(ω), which can be described by a memory matrix approach.
Lectures deal with the theory of electronic transport, in particular with the electrical conductivity, in systems dominated by strong electron ‐ electron repulsion. The concept of charge stiffness is introduced to distinguish conductors and insulators at T = 0, but as well usual resistors, possible ideal conductors and ideal insulators at finite temperature. It is shown that the latter singular transport appears in many integrable systems of interacting fermions, the evidence coming from the relation with level dynamics, from the existence of conserved quantities as well as from numerical studies and exact results. Then, exact duagonalization approaches for the calculation of static and dynamical quantities in small correlated systems are described, with the emphasis on the finite‐temperature Lanczos method applicable to transport quantities. Finally, anomalous dynamical conductivity within the planar single‐band model is discussed in relation with experiments on cuprates.
We study the thermal conductivity of the one-dimensional Fermi-Hubbard model at a finite temperature using a density matrix renormalization group approach. The integrability of this model gives rise to ballistic thermal transport. We calculate the temperature dependence of the thermal Drude weight at half filling for various interaction strengths. The finite-frequency contributions originating from the fact that the energy current is not a conserved quantity are investigated as well. We report evidence that breaking the integrability through a nearest-neighbor interaction leads to vanishing Drude weights and diffusive energy transport. Moreover, we demonstrate that energy spreads ballistically in local quenches with initially inhomogeneous energy density profiles in the integrable case. We discuss the relevance of our results for thermalization in ultracold quantum-gas experiments and for transport measurements with quasi-one-dimensional materials.
Finite-temperature T > 0 transport properties of integrable and nonintegrable one-dimensional (1D) many-particle quantum systems are rather different, showing ballistic and diffusive behavior, respectively. The repulsive 1D Hubbard model is a prominent example of an integrable correlated system. For electronic densities n ≠ 1 (and spin densities m ≠ 0) it is an ideal charge (and spin) conductor, with ballistic charge (and spin) transport for T ⩾ 0. In spite of the fact that it is solvable by the Bethe ansatz, at n = 1 (and m = 0) its T > 0 charge (and spin) transport properties are an issue that remains poorly understood. Here we combine this solution with symmetry and the explicit calculation of current-operator matrix elements between energy eigenstates to show that for on-site repulsion U > 0 and at n = 1 the charge stiffness D η ( T ) vanishes for T > 0 in the thermodynamic limit. A similar behavior is found by such methods for the spin stiffness D s ( T ) for U > 0 and T > 0, which vanishes at m = 0. This absence of finite temperature n = 1 ballistic charge transport and m = 0 ballistic spin transport are exact results that clarify long-standing open problems.