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arXiv:cond-mat/9510099 · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics

Nonuniversal critical spreading in two dimensions

Ronald Dickman

Published Mar 1, 1996• 27 citations
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Abstract

Continuous phase transitions are studied in a two dimensional nonequilibrium model with an infinite number of absorbing configurations. Spreading from a localized source is characterized by nonuniversal critical exponents, which vary continuously with the density \ensuremath{\varphi} in the surrounding region. The exponent \ensuremath{\delta} changes by more than an order of magnitude and \ensuremath{\eta} changes sign. The location of the critical point also depends on \ensuremath{\varphi}, which has important implications for scaling. As expected on the basis of universality, the static critical behavior belongs to the directed percolation class. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.53.2223

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•Jan 1, 2004•183 citations
Continuous phase transitions are studied in a two dimensional nonequilibrium model with an infinite number of absorbing configurations. Spreading from a localized source is characterized by nonuniversal critical exponents, which vary continuously with the density \ensuremath{\varphi} in the surrounding region. The exponent \ensuremath{\delta} changes by more than an order of magnitude and \ensuremath{\eta} changes sign. The location of the critical point also depends on \ensuremath{\varphi}, which has important implications for scaling. As expected on the basis of universality, the static critical behavior belongs to the directed percolation class. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
One-dimensional systems with an infinite number of absorbing states exhibit a phase transition that is not fully understood yet. Their static critical exponents are universal and belong in the Reggeon field theory (or directed percolation) universality class. However, exponents associated with the spreading of a localized seed appear to be nonuniversal depending on the nature of the initial condition. We investigate this problem by integrating numerically a non-Markovian Langevin equation proposed recently to describe such phase transitions. We find that the static critical exponents are universal, as expected. On the other hand, the Langevin equation reproduces the nonuniversal behavior observed in microscopic models for exponents associated with the spreading of an initially localized seed and satisfies the generalized hyperscaling relation proposed for those systems.
We study the nonequilibrium phase transition in the two-dimensional contact process on a randomly diluted lattice by means of large-scale Monte Carlo simulations for times up to 10;{10} and system sizes up to 8000x8000 sites. Our data provide strong evidence for the transition being controlled by an exotic infinite-randomness critical point with activated (exponential) dynamical scaling. We calculate the critical exponents of the transition and find them to be universal, i.e., independent of disorder strength. The Griffiths region between the clean and the dirty critical points exhibits power-law dynamical scaling with continuously varying exponents. We discuss the generality of our findings and relate them to a broader theory of rare region effects at phase transitions with quenched disorder. Our results are of importance beyond absorbing state transitions because, according to a strong-disorder renormalization group analysis, our transition belongs to the universality class of the two-dimensional random transverse-field Ising model.
I determine the critical behavior of a nonequilibrium three-dimensional lattice model exhibiting a phase transition to an absorbing state. I study the model in the vicinity of the critical point, and in the subcritical region, via time-dependent Monte Carlo simulations. The method used in the subcritical region is very efficient. The results for the directly measured critical exponents, \ensuremath{\nu}=1.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01, \ensuremath{\eta}=0.114\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004, and z=1.052\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003, are consistent with those of directed percolation. \ensuremath{\delta}=0.732\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004 is obtained from the hyperscaling relation 4\ensuremath{\delta}+2\ensuremath{\eta}=dz, and \ensuremath{\beta}=0.813\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.011 from \ensuremath{\beta}=\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\delta}. These results are the most precise so far for a three-dimensional model with directed percolation critical behavior.
Non-equilibrium critical phenomena have attracted a lot of research interest in the recent decades. Similar to equilibrium critical phenomena, the concept of universality remains the major tool to order the great variety of non-equilibrium phase transitions systematically. All systems belonging to a given universality class share the same set of critical exponents, and certain scaling functions become identical near the critical point. It is known that the scaling functions vary more widely between different universality classes than the exponents. Thus, universal scaling functions offer a sensitive and accurate test for a system's universality class. On the other hand, universal scaling functions demonstrate the robustness of a given universality class impressively. Unfortunately, most studies focus on the determination of the critical exponents, neglecting the universal scaling functions. In this work a particular class of non-equilibrium critical phenomena is considered, the so-called absorbing phase transitions. Absorbing phase transitions are expected to occur in physical, chemical as well as biological systems, and a detailed introduction is presented. The universal scaling behavior of two different universality classes is analyzed in detail, namely the directed percolation and the Manna universality class. Especially, directed percolation is the most common universality class of absorbing phase transitions. The presented picture gallery of universal scaling functions includes steady state, dynamical as well as finite size scaling functions. In particular, the effect of an external field conjugated to the order parameter is investigated. Incorporating the conjugated field, it is possible to determine the equation of state, the susceptibility, and to perform a modified finite-size scaling analysis appropriate for absorbing phase transitions. Focusing on these equations, the obtained results can be applied to other non-equilibrium continuous phase transitions observed in numerical simulations or experiments. Thus, we think that the presented picture gallery of universal scaling functions is valuable for future work. Additionally to the manifestation of universality classes, universal scaling functions are useful in order to check renormalization group results quantitatively. Since the renormalization group theory is the basis of our understanding of critical phenomena, it is of fundamental interest to examine the accuracy of the obtained results. Due to the continuing improvement of computer hardware, accurate numerical data have become available, resulting in a fruitful interplay between numerical investigations and renormalization group analyzes.