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arXiv:cond-mat/9507089 · Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Renormalization of the one-dimensional conductance in the Luttinger-liquid model

Vadim V. Ponomarenko

Published Sep 15, 1995• 336 citations
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Abstract

Properties of one-dimensional (1D) transport strongly depend on the proper choice of boundary conditions. It has been frequently stated that the Luttinger-liquid (LL) conductance is renormalized by the interaction as ${ge}^{2}$/h. To contest this result I develop a model of 1D LL wire with the interaction switching off at the infinities. Its solution shows that there is no renormalization of the universal conductance while the electrons have a free behavior in the source and drain reservoirs.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.52.r8666

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Properties of one-dimensional (1D) transport strongly depend on the proper choice of boundary conditions. It has been frequently stated that the Luttinger-liquid (LL) conductance is renormalized by the interaction as ge2{ge}^{2}ge2/h. To contest this result I develop a model of 1D LL wire with the interaction switching off at the infinities. Its solution shows that there is no renormalization of the universal conductance while the electrons have a free behavior in the source and drain reservoirs.
We discuss the conductance of quantum wires in terms of the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) theory. We use explicitly the charge fractionalization scheme which results from the chiral symmetry of the model. We suggest that results of the standard two-terminal (2T) conductance measurement depend on the coupling of TLL with the reservoirs and can be interpreted as different boundary conditions at the interfaces. We propose a three-terminal (3T) geometry in which the third contact is connected weakly to the bulk of TLL subjected to a large bias current. We develop a renormalization-group (RG) analysis for this problem by taking explicitly into account the splitting of the injected electronic charge into two chiral irrational charges. We study in the presence of bulk contact the leading-order corrections to the conductance for two different boundary conditions, which reproduce in the absence of bulk contact, respectively, the standard 2T source-drain (SD) conductance GSD(2)=e2/h{G}_{\mathrm{SD}}^{(2)}{=e}^{2}/hGSD(2)​=e2/h and GSD(2)=ge2/h,{G}_{\mathrm{SD}}^{(2)}{=ge}^{2}/h,GSD(2)​=ge2/h, where g is the TLL charge interaction parameter. We find that under these two boundary conditions for the end contacts the 3T SD conductance GSD(3){G}_{\mathrm{SD}}^{(3)}GSD(3)​ shows an UV-relevant deviation from the above two values, suggesting new fixed points in the Ohmic limit. Nontrivial scaling exponents are predicted as a result of electron fractionalization.
We discuss the conductance of quantum wires (QW) in terms of the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) theory. We use explicitly the charge fractionalization scheme which results from the chiral symmetry of the model. We suggest that results of the standard two-terminal (2T) conductance measurement depend on the coupling of TLL with the reservoirs and can be interpreted as different boundary conditions at the interfaces. We propose a three-terminal (3T) geometry in which the third contact is connected weakly to the bulk of TLL subjected to a large bias current. We develop a renormalization group (RG) analysis for this problem by taking explicitly into account the splitting of the injected electronic charge into two chiral irrational charges. We study in the presence of {\it bulk} contact the leading order corrections to the conductance for two different boundary conditions, which reproduce in the absence of {\it bulk} contact, respectively, the standard 2T source-drain (SD) conductance GSD(2)=e2/hG_{\rm SD}^{(2)}=e^2/hGSD(2)​=e2/h and GSD(2)=ge2/hG_{\rm SD}^{(2)}=ge^2/hGSD(2)​=ge2/h, where ggg is the TLL charge interaction parameter. We find that under these two boundary conditions for the {\it end} contacts the 3T SD conductance GSD(3)G_{\rm SD}^{(3)}GSD(3)​ shows an UV-relevant deviation from the above two values, suggesting new fixed points in the ohmic limit. Non-trivial scaling exponents are predicted as a result of electron fractionalization.
We study thermal transport in a one-dimensional (1D) interacting electron gas, employing the Luttinger liquid model. Both thermal conductance and thermopower are analyzed for a pure 1D gas and with impurities. The universal ratio of electrical to thermal conductance in a Fermi liquid---the Wiedemann-Franz law---is modified, whereas the thermopower is still linear in temperature. For a single impurity the Lorentz number is given by $L(T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0){\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3L}_{0}/({2g+g}^{2})$---with L0{L}_{0}L0​ the Fermi liquid value---and the conductance 1/2<g<11/2<g<11/2<g<1. For g<1/2g<1/2g<1/2 the Lorentz number diverges as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. Possible relevance to thermal transport in conducting polymer systems is discussed.
In a first part, I study the electronic transport through a one-dimensional, finite-length quantum wire of correlated electrons (Luttinger liquid) coupled at arbitrary position via tunnel barriers to two semi-infinite, one-dimensional as well as stripe-like (two-dimensional) leads, thereby bringing theory closer towards systems resembling setups realized in experiments. In particular, I compute the temperature dependence of the linear conductance of a system without bulk impurities. The appearance of new temperature scales introduced by the lengths of the overhanging parts of the leads and the wire implies a conductance function which is much more complex than the simple power-law behavior obtained in earlier approaches. My results can be used to optimize the experimental setups designed for a verification of Luttinger-liquid scaling. In a second part, I suggest a setup to study Luttinger-liquid behavior in quantum wires which allows to determine the Luttinger-liquid parameter from two independent measurements: transport through a quantum dot embedded in the wire and the charge on the dot. To this end, I identified novel Luttinger-liquid power-laws in the charging of the dot. In a more technical part, I extended an adaption of the functional renormalization group such that it can be used on correlated electrons in complex geometries like the wire-lead structures described above and arbitrary dot structures coupled to Luttinger-liquid leads.
The transport in a pure one-dimensional quantum wire is investigated for any range of interactions. First, the wire is connected to measuring leads. The transmission of an incident electron is found to be perfect, i.e., the conductance is not renormalized by the interactions. Either Landauer's approach or the Kubo formula can be used as long as the reservoirs impose the boundary conditions. Second, the Kubo formula as a response to the local field is reconsidered in a generic Luttinger liquid: the ``intrinsic'' conductance thus obtained is determined by the same combination of interaction parameters as that which renormalizes the current.
The low-temperature AC conductance of a one-dimensional electron system with a strong interaction of finite range is calculated by using linear response theory. The conductance factorizes into parts which depend on the internal properties of the system, and the external probe. For short-range interaction, the result resembles that for non-interacting electrons, but with the zero-frequency limit and the Fermi velocity renormalized by the interaction strength. For strong and long-range interaction, the conductance shows a peak that is related to charge-wave excitations. In this limit, the AC conductance can be simulated by a quantum capacitance and a quantum inductance.