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arXiv:cond-mat/0612662 · Physical Review A

Controlled exchange interaction for quantum logic operations with spin qubits in coupled quantum dots

S. Moskal, S. Bednarek, Janusz Adamowski

Published Sep 4, 2007• 12 citations
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Abstract

A two-electron system confined in two coupled semiconductor quantum dots is investigated as a candidate for performing quantum logic operations with spin qubits. We study different processes of swapping the electron spins by a controlled switching on and off of the exchange interaction. The resulting spin swap corresponds to an elementary operation in quantum-information processing. We perform direct simulations of the time evolution of the two-electron system. Our results show that, in order to obtain the full interchange of spins, the exchange interaction should change smoothly in time. The presence of jumps and spikes in the time characteristics of the confinement potential leads to a considerable increase of the spin-swap time. We propose several mechanisms to modify the exchange interaction by changing the confinement potential profile and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.76.032302

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A two-electron system confined in two coupled semiconductor quantum dots is investigated as a candidate for performing quantum logic operations with spin qubits. We study different processes of swapping the electron spins by a controlled switching on and off of the exchange interaction. The resulting spin swap corresponds to an elementary operation in quantum-information processing. We perform direct simulations of the time evolution of the two-electron system. Our results show that, in order to obtain the full interchange of spins, the exchange interaction should change smoothly in time. The presence of jumps and spikes in the time characteristics of the confinement potential leads to a considerable increase of the spin-swap time. We propose several mechanisms to modify the exchange interaction by changing the confinement potential profile and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
Abstract Electron spins confined in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are one of potential candidates for physical implementation of scalable quantum information processing technologies. Tunnel coupling based inter exchange interaction between QDs is crucial in achieving single-qubit manipulation, two-qubit gate, quantum communication and quantum simulation. This review first provides a theoretical perspective that surveys a general framework, including the Helter−London approach, the Hund−Mulliken approach, and the Hubbard model, to describe the inter exchange interactions between semiconductor quantum dots. An electrical method to control the inter exchange interaction in a realistic device is proposed as well. Then the significant achievements of inter exchange interaction in manipulating single qubits, achieving two-qubit gates, performing quantum communication and quantum simulation are reviewed. The last part is a summary of this review.
Electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots are a promising platform for quantum-information processing applications because their quantum phase coherence can persist for extremely long times. Nearest-neighbor electron spins naturally interact with each other via Heisenberg exchange coupling. Heisenberg exchange coupling results from the interplay of the electrostatic confinement potential together with the Pauli exclusion principle, which requires that no two electrons can have the same quantum number. Exchange coupling enables a host of useful capabilities, including the generation of different types of qubits, multi-qubit gates, ways to increase connectivity in systems of quantum-dot spin qubits, and routes to explore intriguing many-body phenomena.
We describe an interaction mechanism between electron spins in a vertically stacked double quantum dot that can be used for controlled two-qubit operations. This interaction is mediated by excitons confined within, and delocalized over, the double dot. We show that gates equivalent to the SWAP\sqrt{\mathrm{SWAP}}SWAP​ gate can be obtained in times much less than the exciton relaxation time and that the negative effects of hole mixing and spontaneous emission do not seriously affect these results.
In the last years, the electron spin in quantum dots has become a most promising candidate for the realization of qubits, the basic element for quantum computation. In quantum dot spin qubits the exchange interaction implements a fundamental two qubit gate, which originates in the Coulomb interaction and the Pauli principle. Compared to single qubit gates, the exchange based gates are much faster and easier to control locally, motivating the solely exchange energy based quantum computation. The control is based on the exponential sensitivity of the exchange energy on the interparticle distance. Manipulation then can proceed, for example, shifting the single particle states electrically or compressing them magnetically. The practical manipulation schemes require quantitative knowledge of the exchange energy. The spin-orbit interaction plays an important role in this nano-system. Indeed the usual exchange interaction changes its magnitude, while a new term, called anisotropic exchange, appears. In this thesis we propose an accurate effective spin Hamiltonian for modeling spin-orbit-induced spin dynamics in the presence of the magnetic field. We have also performed numerically exact calculations of the isotropic and anisotropic exchange coupling in realistic two-electron GaAs coupled quantum dots in the presence of both Dresselhaus and Bychkov-Rashba spin-orbit interactions. The numerics allow us to establish the goodness of our model and to see the limits of previous statements. Furthermore we find that in zero magnetic field the second-order spin-orbit effects are absent at all interdot couplings.
We study theoretically the effects of qubit inhomogeneity on the quantum logic gate of qubit swap, which is an integral part of the operations of a quantum computer. Our focus here is to construct a robust pulse sequence for swap operation in the simultaneous presence of Zeeman inhomogeneity for quantum dot trapped electron spins and the finite-time ramp-up of exchange coupling in a double dot. We first present a geometric explanation of spin swap operation, mapping the two-qubit operation onto a single-qubit rotation. We then show that in this geometric picture a square-pulse sequence can be easily designed to perform swap in the presence of Zeeman inhomogeneity. Finally, we investigate how finite ramp-up times for the exchange coupling J negatively affect the performance of the swap gate sequence, and show how to correct the problems numerically.
Abstract The transfer of information between quantum systems is essential for quantum communication and computation. In quantum computers, high connectivity between qubits can improve the efficiency of algorithms, assist in error correction, and enable high-fidelity readout. However, as with all quantum gates, operations to transfer information between qubits can suffer from errors associated with spurious interactions and disorder between qubits, among other things. Here, we harness interactions and disorder between qubits to improve a swap operation for spin eigenstates in semiconductor gate-defined quantum-dot spins. We use a system of four electron spins, which we configure as two exchange-coupled singlet–triplet qubits. Our approach, which relies on the physics underlying discrete time crystals, enhances the quality factor of spin-eigenstate swaps by up to an order of magnitude. Our results show how interactions and disorder in multi-qubit systems can stabilize non-trivial quantum operations and suggest potential uses for non-equilibrium quantum phenomena, like time crystals, in quantum information processing applications. Our results also confirm the long-predicted emergence of effective Ising interactions between exchange-coupled singlet–triplet qubits.