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arXiv:cond-mat/0612601 · Physical Review A

Universality constraints on three-body recombination for cold atoms: From He4 to Cs133

Eric Braaten, Daekyoung Kang, Lucas Platter

Published May 22, 2007• 16 citations
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Abstract

For atoms with large scattering length, the dependence of the three-body recombination rate on the collision energy is determined by the scattering length and the Efimov three-body parameters and can be expressed in terms of universal functions of a single scaling variable. We use published results on the three-body recombination rate for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ atoms to constrain the universal functions. We then use those universal functions to calculate the three-body recombination rate for other atoms with large scattering length at nonzero temperature. The constraints from the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ results are strong if the scattering length is near the minimum of the three-body recombination rate at threshold. We apply our results to $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ atoms with a large positive scattering length, and compare them with experimental results from the Innsbruck group.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.75.052714

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For atoms with large scattering length, the dependence of the three-body recombination rate on the collision energy is determined by the scattering length and the Efimov three-body parameters and can be expressed in terms of universal functions of a single scaling variable. We use published results on the three-body recombination rate for 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He atoms to constrain the universal functions. We then use those universal functions to calculate the three-body recombination rate for other atoms with large scattering length at nonzero temperature. The constraints from the 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He results are strong if the scattering length is near the minimum of the three-body recombination rate at threshold. We apply our results to 133Cs^{133}\mathrm{Cs}133Cs atoms with a large positive scattering length, and compare them with experimental results from the Innsbruck group.
We demonstrate the implications of Efimov physics in the recently measured recombination rate of 133Cs^{133}\mathrm{Cs}133Cs atoms. By employing previously calculated results for the energy dependence of the recombination rate of 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He atoms, we obtain three independent scaling functions that are capable of describing the recombination rates over a large energy range for identical bosons with large scattering length. We benchmark these and previously obtained scaling functions by successfully comparing their predictions with full atom-dimer phase shift calculations with artificial 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He potentials yielding large scattering lengths. Exploiting universality, we finally use these functions to determine the three-body recombination rate of 133Cs^{133}\mathrm{Cs}133Cs atoms with large positive scattering length, compare our results to experimental data obtained by Kraemer et al. at Innsbruck and find excellent agreement.
For identical bosons with a large scattering length, the dependence of the three-body recombination rate on the collision energy is determined in the zero-range limit by universal functions of a single scaling variable. There are six scaling functions for angular momentum zero and one scaling function for each higher partial wave. We calculate these universal functions by solving the Skorniakov-Ter-Martirosian equation. The results for the three-body recombination as a function of the collision energy are in good agreement with previous results from solving the three-body Schr\"odinger equation for 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He atoms. The universal scaling functions can be used to calculate the three-body recombination rate at nonzero temperature. We obtain an excellent fit to the data from Grimm and co-workers for 133Cs^{133}\mathrm{Cs}133Cs atoms with a large positive scattering length.
Three-body recombination rates for cold 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He are calculated with a method which exploits the simple relationship between the imaginary part of the atom-dimer elastic scattering phase shift and the SSS-matrix for recombination. The elastic phase shifts are computed above breakup threshold by solving a three-body Faddeev equation in momentum space with inputs based on a variety of modern atom-atom potentials. Recombination coefficients for the HFD-B3-FCII potential agree very well with the only previously published results. Since the elastic scattering and recombination processes for 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He are governed by ``Efimov physics,'' they depend on universal functions of a scaling variable. The computed recombination coefficients for potentials other than HFD-B3-FCII make it possible to determine these universal functions.
We study the recombination process of three atoms scattering into an atom and diatomic molecule in heteronuclear mixtures of ultracold atomic gases with large and positive interspecies scattering length at finite temperature. We calculate the temperature dependence of the three-body recombination rates by extracting universal scaling functions that parametrize the energy dependence of the scattering matrix. We compare our results to experimental data for the $^{40}\mathrm{K}\ensuremath{-}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ mixture and make a prediction for $^{6}\mathrm{Li}\ensuremath{-}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$. We find that contributions from higher partial wave channels significantly impact the total rate and, in systems with particularly large mass imbalance, can even obliterate the recombination minima associated with the Efimov effect.
Efimov physics refers to universal phenomena associated with a discrete scaling symmetry in the three-body problem with a large scattering length. The first experimental evidence for Efimov physics was the recent observation of a resonant peak in the three-body recombination rate for 133Cs^{133}\mathrm{Cs}133Cs atoms with large negative scattering length. There can also be resonant peaks in the atom-dimer relaxation rate for large positive scattering length. We calculate the atom-dimer relaxation rate as a function of temperature and show how measurements of the relaxation rate can be used to determine accurately the parameters that govern Efimov physics.
Few-body systems with large scattering length aaa have universal properties that do not depend on the details of their interactions at short distances. The rate constant for three-body recombination of bosonic atoms of mass mmm into a shallow dimer scales as $\ensuremath{\hbar}{a}^{4}∕m$ times a log-periodic function of the scattering length. We calculate the leading and subleading corrections to the rate constant, which are due to the effective range of the atoms, and study the correlation between the rate constant and the atom-dimer scattering length. Our results are applied to 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He atoms as a test case.