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arXiv:cond-mat/0611206 · Physical Review Letters

Measuring the One-Particle Excitations of Ultracold Fermionic Atoms by Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy

Tung-Lam Dao, Antoine Georges, Jean Dalibard, Christophe Salomon, Iacopo Carusotto

Published Jun 14, 2007• 122 citations
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Abstract

We propose a Raman spectroscopy technique which is able to probe the one-particle Green function, the Fermi surface, and the quasiparticles of a gas of strongly interacting ultracold atoms. We give quantitative examples of experimentally accessible spectra. The efficiency of the method is validated by means of simulated images for the case of a usual Fermi liquid as well as for more exotic states: specific signatures of, e.g., a d-wave pseudogap are clearly visible.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.98.240402

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We propose a Raman spectroscopy technique which is able to probe the one-particle Green function, the Fermi surface, and the quasiparticles of a gas of strongly interacting ultracold atoms. We give quantitative examples of experimentally accessible spectra. The efficiency of the method is validated by means of simulated images for the case of a usual Fermi liquid as well as for more exotic states: specific signatures of, e.g., a d-wave pseudogap are clearly visible.
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A method is proposed to directly measure the temperature of a gas of weakly interacting fermionic atoms loaded into an optical lattice. This technique relies on Raman spectroscopy and is applicable to experimentally relevant temperature regimes. Additionally, a similar spectroscopy scheme can be used to obtain information on the quasiparticle properties and Hubbard bands of the metallic and Mott-insulating states of interacting fermionic spin mixtures. These two methods provide experimentalists with probes to accurately characterize fermionic quantum gases confined to optical lattices.
We measure excitation spectra of an ultracold gas of fermionic (40)K atoms in the BCS-Bose-Einstein-condensation (BEC) crossover regime. The measurements are performed with a novel spectroscopy that employs a small modulation of the B field close to a Feshbach resonance to give rise to a modulation of the interaction strength. With this method we observe both a collective excitation as well as the dissociation of fermionic atom pairs in the strongly interacting regime. The excitation spectra reveal the binding energy or excitation gap for pairs in the crossover region.
In the past fifteen years ultracold atoms confined to optical lattices, which are artificial crystals of light, have proven to be powerful tools in the study of strongly correlated many-body systems widely known from a condensed matter context. The detailed knowledge, high tunability and control of microscopic parameters has enabled the creation and control of highly non-trivial quantum systems for which a direct comparison of model calculations to experimental measurements is now possible. In order to gain precise information on the properties of ultracold gases in optical lattices, many powerful methods have been developed. In particular spectroscopic methods have enabled to probe different characteristic excitations. However, many fascinating properties of strongly interacting quantum many-body systems are not yet fully characterized. Therefore, this thesis explores further possibilities of lattice modulation spectroscopy which is a time-periodic modulation of the optical lattice amplitude. We theoretically investigate the response of different (mostly one-dimensional) cold atom systems to a lattice modulation by means of the time-dependent density matrix renormalization group method and different analytical approximations. In addition to the normal lattice modulation, we consider a superlattice modulation scheme where the lattice amplitude is modulated in a dimerized fashion, coupling to a certain class of excitations in the system. The lattice modulation spectroscopy is a versatile probe which we use to study different situations relevant for experimental applications. We show that a detection of signatures of the exotic bond order wave phase is feasible in a system of interacting fermions on a one-dimensional optical lattice with staggered energy offset. Moreover, we demonstrate that a temperature measurement of fermions confined to an optical lattice is possible as well as a determination of the interaction strength of bosonic atoms confined to a one-dimensional optical lattice. In addition, various excitations in all these systems are investigated in detail.
We propose an all-optical scheme to probe the dynamical correlations of a strongly interacting gas of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice potential. The proposed technique is based on a pump-and-probe scheme: a coherent light pulse is initially converted into an atomic coherence and later retrieved after a variable storage time. The efficiency of the proposed method to measure the two-time one-particle Green function of the gas is validated by numerical and analytical calculations of the expected signal for the two cases of a normal Fermi gas and a BCS superfluid state. Protocols to extract the superfluid gap and the full quasiparticle dispersions are discussed.
An impurity interacting with an ultracold Fermi gas can form either a polaron state or a dressed molecular state, the molaron, in which the impurity forms a bound state with one gas particle. This molaron state features rich physics, including a negative effective mass around unitarity and a first-order transition to the polaron state. However, these features have remained so far experimentally inaccessible. In this work we show theoretically how the molaron state can be directly prepared experimentally even in its excited states using Raman spectroscopy techniques. Initializing the system in the ultrastrong coupling limit, where the binding energy of the molaron is much larger than the Fermi energy, our protocol maps out the momentum-dependent spectral function of the molecule. Using a diagrammatic approach we furthermore show that the molecular spectral function serves as a direct precursor of the elusive Fulde-Ferell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov phase, which is realized for a finite density of fermionic impurity particles. Our results pave the way to a systematic understanding of how composite particles form in quantum many-body environments and provide a basis to develop new schemes for the observation of exotic phases of quantum many-body systems. Published by the American Physical Society 2024