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arXiv:cond-mat/0610114 · Physical Review A

Dynamical localization of matter-wave solitons in managed barrier potentials

F. Kh. Abdullaev, Josselin C. Garnier

Published Mar 8, 2007• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The bright matter-wave soliton propagation through a barrier with a rapidly oscillating position is investigated. The averaged-over rapid oscillations Gross-Pitaevskii equation is derived, where the effective potential has the form of a finite well. Dynamical trapping and quantum tunneling of the soliton in the effective finite well are investigated. The analytical predictions for the effective soliton dynamics is confirmed by numerical simulations of the full Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.75.033603

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Physica Scripta•Jun 12, 2019•1 citation
The bright matter-wave soliton propagation through a barrier with a rapidly oscillating position is investigated. The averaged-over rapid oscillations Gross-Pitaevskii equation is derived, where the effective potential has the form of a finite well. Dynamical trapping and quantum tunneling of the soliton in the effective finite well are investigated. The analytical predictions for the effective soliton dynamics is confirmed by numerical simulations of the full Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
The dynamics of a bright matter wave soliton in a quasi one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) with a periodically rapidly varying time trap is considered. The governing equation is based on averaging the fast modulations of the Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) equation. This equation has the form of a GP equation with an effective potential of a more complicated structure than an unperturbed trap. In the case of an inverted (expulsive) quadratic trap corresponding to an unstable GP equation, the effective potential can be stable. For the bounded space trap potential it is showed that bifurcation exists, i.e. the single-well potential bifurcates to the triple-well effective potential. The stabilization of a BEC cloud on-site state in the temporary modulated optical lattice is found. This phenomenon is analogous to the Kapitza stabilization of an inverted pendulum. The analytical predictions of the averaged GP equation are confirmed by numerical simulations of the full GP equation with rapid perturbations.
Bright solitons in a quasi-1D Bose–Einstein condensate can be used to enhance precision in matter-wave interferometry, due to their inherent robustness and support against dispersion. Such a soliton interferometer typically relies on a potential barrier used to split a single soliton into two smaller coherent solitons which can then be recombined on the same barrier. In this thesis we examine two extensions to this scheme. Firstly, we investigate a binary BEC system consisting of two bright solitons which are coupled through a mutual nonlinear interaction term. We derive a set of conditions under which the two components can be separated on a potential barrier and use numerical simulations to probe the regimes beyond which this mathematical treatment is applicable. We then use the numerical simulations to look at the effect of the nonlinear coupling on the dynamics of the binary solitons interacting with the barrier. We also look at the interference behaviour found by doubling the simulation time in either a ring trap or a harmonic trapping potential (to ensure recombination on the barrier); as well as the case where the solitons start spatially separated on either side of the barrier in order to find conditions under which the solitons will combine on the barrier. We find a good agreement between the analytical predictions and the results of simulations. Beyond the regions of parameter space where the predictions are expected to hold, we find complex transmission and interference behaviour as a result of nonlinear effects. The second part of this thesis consists of an examination of the prospect of using a subwavelength barrier scheme in a soliton interferometry experiment. This involves using two resonant coupling beams in a Λ-system with a spatially varying intensity. Under certain conditions, this can be used to form an effective potential barrier with a width which is not diffraction-limited. We look at suitable parameter regimes for such a barrier to split and recombine solitons in an interferometer and probe the effects of possible complications such as misalignment in the beams and different scattering lengths in the different states. We simulate the soliton interferometer using the full three component GPE as well as the single component analogue with the effective potential in order to characterise the soliton behaviour and the dependence of the interferometer sensitivity on the system parameters. We find a trend towards an idealised soliton interferometer with a decreasing value of the parameter, w, controlling the barrier characteristics. Also, we demonstrate an agreement between the relevant three component GPE and the analogous single component GPE, in the limit of strong coupling fields.
We study bright solitons in the Gross-Pitaevskii equation as they are split and recombined in a low-energy system. We present analytic results determining the general region in which a soliton may not be split on a potential barrier and confirm these results numerically. Furthermore, we analyze the energetic regimes where quantum fluctuations in the initial center-of-mass position and momentum become influential on the outcome of soliton splitting and recombination events. We then use the results of this analysis to determine a parameter regime where soliton interferometry is practicable.
Bose–Einstein condensates with attractive interactions have stable 1D solutions in the form of bright solitary-waves. These solitary waves behave, in the absence of external potentials, like macroscopic quantum particles. This opens up a wide array of applications for the testing of quantum mechanical behaviours and precision measurement. Here we investigate these applications with particular focus on the interactions of bright solitary-waves with narrow potential barriers. We first study bright solitons in the Gross–Pitaevskii equation as they are split on Gaussian and δ-function barriers, and then on Gaussian barriers in a low energy system. We present analytic and numerical results determining the general region in which a soliton may not be split on a finite width potential barrier. Furthermore, we test the sensitivity of the system to quantum fluctuations. We then study fast-moving bright solitons colliding at a narrow Gaussian potential barrier. In the limiting case of a δ-function barrier, we show analytically that the relative norms of the outgoing waves depends sinusoidally on the relative phase of the incoming waves, and determine whether the outgoing waves are bright solitons. We use numerical simulations to show that outside the high velocity limit nonlinear effects introduce a skew to the phase-dependence. Finally, we use these results to analyse the process of soliton interferometry. We develop analyses of both toroidal and harmonic trapping geometries for Mach–Zehnder interferometry, and then two implementations of a toroidal Sagnac inter- ferometer, also giving the analytical determination of the Sagnac phase in such systems. These results are again verified numerically. In the Mach–Zehnder case, we again probe the systems sensitivity to quantum fluctuations.
Abstract Using the time-dependent variational approach and the numerical solution of the Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) equation, the dynamics of a matter-wave soliton are investigated in a two-dimensional constant external force field. Firstly, the time-dependent variational approach is used to study the movements of the center-of-mass position in a simple harmonic trap and a two-dimensional weakly transmissive reflective barrier. Because the mathematical model for describing soliton dynamics in simple harmonic traps is simple, the analytic dynamical results of a soliton wave packet center-of-mass position is given directly. Since the model describing the weakly transmissive reflective barrier is difficult to solve analytically, we give the Newton’s equation of the center-of-mass position of motion, and then use the numerical solution method to study the movement of the center-of-mass in the case of several parameters. To study the motion of the soliton in the harmonic potential trap in the two-dimensional external force field under rotation , we use the split-step finite difference method to solve the two-dimensional GP equation; the motion of the center-of-mass position is discussed under the conditions of several parameter combinations. The results show that the rotation has a very important influence on the movement of the center-of-mass. When there is no rotation effect, the center-of-mass position acts as a simple harmonic motion under the combined action of the external force field and the potential well. When there is a rotation effect, the center-of-mass position is almost static.