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arXiv:cond-mat/0607269 · Physical Review B

Strongly disordered Hubbard model in one dimension: Spin and orbital infinite randomness and Griffiths phases

R. Mélin, Ferenc Iglói

Published Oct 4, 2006• 6 citations
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Abstract

We study by the strong disorder renormalization group (RG) method the low-energy properties of the one-dimensional Hubbard model with random-hopping matrix-elements ${t}_{min}<t<{t}_{max}$, and with random onsite Coulomb repulsion terms $0\ensuremath{\leqslant}{U}_{min}<U<{U}_{max}$. There are two critical phases, corresponding to an infinite randomness spin random singlet for strong interactions $({U}_{min}>{t}_{max})$ and to an orbital infinite randomness fixed point for vanishing interactions $({U}_{max}∕{t}_{max}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0)$. To each critical infinite randomness fixed point is connected a Griffiths phase, the correlation length, and dynamical exponent of which have well defined asymptotic dependences on the corresponding quantum control parameter. The theoretical predictions for the scaling in the vicinity of the critical points compare well to numerical RG simulations.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.74.155104

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We study by the strong disorder renormalization group (RG) method the low-energy properties of the one-dimensional Hubbard model with random-hopping matrix-elements tmin<t<tmax{t}_{min}<t<{t}_{max}tmin​<t<tmax​, and with random onsite Coulomb repulsion terms 0\ensuremath⩽Umin<U<Umax0\ensuremath{\leqslant}{U}_{min}<U<{U}_{max}0\ensuremath⩽Umin​<U<Umax​. There are two critical phases, corresponding to an infinite randomness spin random singlet for strong interactions (Umin>tmax)({U}_{min}>{t}_{max})(Umin​>tmax​) and to an orbital infinite randomness fixed point for vanishing interactions (Umax∕tmax\ensuremath→0)({U}_{max}∕{t}_{max}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0)(Umax​∕tmax​\ensuremath→0). To each critical infinite randomness fixed point is connected a Griffiths phase, the correlation length, and dynamical exponent of which have well defined asymptotic dependences on the corresponding quantum control parameter. The theoretical predictions for the scaling in the vicinity of the critical points compare well to numerical RG simulations.
The effect of quenched disorder on the low-energy properties of various antiferromagnetic spin-ladder models is studied by a numerical strong disorder renormalization-group method and by density-matrix renormalization. For strong enough disorder the originally gapped phases with finite topological or dimer order become gapless. In these quantum Griffiths phases the scaling of the energy, as well as the singularities in the dynamical quantities, are characterized by a finite dynamical exponent, z, which varies with the strength of disorder. At the phase boundaries, separating topologically distinct Griffiths phases the singular behavior of the disordered ladders is generally controlled by an infinite randomness fixed point.
The infinite-disorder fixed point of the random transverse-field Ising model is expected to control the critical behavior of a large class of random quantum and stochastic systems having an order parameter with discrete symmetry. Here we study the model on the square lattice with a very efficient numerical implementation of the strong disorder renormalization group method, which makes us possible to treat finite samples of linear size up to L=2048L=2048L=2048. We have calculated sample dependent pseudocritical points and studied their distribution, which is found to be characterized by the same shift and width exponent: $\ensuremath{\nu}=1.24(2)$. For different types of disorder the infinite-disorder fixed point is shown to be characterized by the same set of critical exponents, for which we have obtained improved estimates: x=0.982(15)x=0.982(15)x=0.982(15) and $\ensuremath{\psi}=0.48(2)$. We have also studied the scaling behavior of the magnetization in the vicinity of the critical point as well as dynamical scaling in the ordered and disordered Griffiths phases.
We introduce a strong-disorder renormalization group (RG) approach suitable for investigating the quasiparticle excitations of disordered superconductors in which the quasiparticle spin is not conserved. We analyze one-dimensional models with this RG and with elementary transfer matrix methods. We find that such models with broken spin rotation invariance generically lie in one of two topologically distinct localized phases. Close enough to the critical point separating the two phases, the system has a power-law divergent low-energy density of states (with a nonuniversal continuously varying power law) in either phase, due to quantum Griffiths singularities. This critical point belongs to the same infinite-disorder universality class as the one-dimensional particle-hole symmetric Anderson localization problem, while the Griffiths phases in the vicinity of the transition are controlled by lines of strong (but not infinite) disorder fixed points terminating in the critical point.
We have developed a very efficient numerical algorithm of the strong disorder renormalization group method to study the critical behaviour of the random transverse field Ising model, which is a prototype of random quantum magnets. With this algorithm we can renormalize an N-site cluster within a time NlogN, independently of the topology of the graph, and we went up to N ∼ 4 × 10(6). We have studied regular lattices with dimension D ≤ 4 as well as Erdős-Rényi random graphs, which are infinite dimensional objects. In all cases the quantum critical behaviour is found to be controlled by an infinite disorder fixed point, in which disorder plays a dominant role over quantum fluctuations. As a consequence the renormalization procedure as well as the obtained critical properties are asymptotically exact for large systems. We have also studied Griffiths singularities in the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases and generalized the numerical algorithm for other random quantum systems.
The effect of quenched disorder on the low-energy and low-temperature properties of various two- and three-dimensional Heisenberg models is studied by a numerical strong disorder renormalization-group method. For strong enough disorder we have identified two relevant fixed points, in which the gap exponent, $\ensuremath{\omega},$ describing the low-energy tail of the gap distribution $P(\ensuremath{\Delta})\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ is independent of disorder, the strength of couplings, and the value of the spin. The dynamical behavior of nonfrustrated random antiferromagnetic models is controlled by a singletlike fixed point, whereas for frustrated models the fixed point corresponds to a large spin formation and the gap exponent is given by $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\approx}0.$ Another type of universality class is observed at quantum critical points and in dimerized phases but no infinite randomness behavior is found, in contrast to that of one-dimensional models.
We present results on the low-frequency dynamical and transport properties of random quantum systems whose low temperature (T),(T),(T), low-energy behavior is controlled by strong-disorder fixed points. We obtain the momentum- and frequency-dependent dynamic structure factor in the random singlet (RS) phases of both spin-1/2 and spin-1 random antiferromagnetic chains, as well as in the random dimer and Ising antiferromagnetic phases of spin-1/2 random antiferromagnetic chains. We show that the RS phases are unusual ``spin metals'' with divergent low-frequency spin conductivity at T=0,T=0,T=0, and we also follow the conductivity through ``metal-insulator'' transitions tuned by the strength of dimerization or Ising anisotropy in the spin-1/2 case, and by the strength of disorder in the spin-1 case. We work out the average spin and energy autocorrelations in the one-dimensional random transverse-field Ising model in the vicinity of its quantum critical point. All of the above calculations are valid in the frequency-dominated regime $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}T,$ and rely on previously available renormalization group schemes that describe these systems in terms of the properties of certain strong-disorder fixed-point theories. In addition, we obtain some information about the behavior of the dynamic structure factor and dynamical conductivity in the opposite ``hydrodynamic'' regime $\ensuremath{\omega}<T$ for the special case of spin-1/2 chains close to the planar limit (the quantum $x\ensuremath{-}y$ model) by analyzing the corresponding quantities in an equivalent model of spinless fermions with weak repulsive interactions and particle-hole symmetric disorder.