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arXiv:cond-mat/0607091 · Physical Review Letters

Tuning of Heteronuclear Interactions in a Degenerate Fermi-Bose Mixture

Silke Ospelkaus, C. Ospelkaus, Leif Humbert, K. Sengstock, Kai Bongs

Published Sep 18, 2006• 166 citations
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Abstract

We demonstrate tuning of interactions between fermionic 40K and bosonic 87Rb atoms by Feshbach resonances and access the complete phase diagram of the harmonically trapped mixture from phase separation to collapse. On the attractive side of the resonance, we observe a strongly enhanced mean-field energy of the condensate due to the mutual mean-field confinement, predicted by a Thomas-Fermi model. As we increase heteronuclear interactions beyond a threshold, we observe an induced collapse of the mixture. On the repulsive side of the resonance, we observe vertical phase separation of the mixture in the presence of the gravitational force, thus entering a completely unexplored part of the phase diagram of the mixture. In addition, we identify the 515 G resonance as p wave by its characteristic doublet structure.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.97.120403

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We have studied the interaction of an ultracold heteronuclear Fermi-Bose mixture of fermionic 40K and bosonic 87Rb near Feshbach resonances. In a harmonic trap we demonstrate the complete phase diagram from phase separation to collapse. We also identify a resonance as a p-wave resonance by its characteristic doublet structure.

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Heteronuclear quantum gas mixtures

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This PhD tutorial article is a review of our experiments on heteronuclear quantum gas mixtures at the University of Hamburg. We introduce basic properties of trapped Fermi-Bose mixtures and demonstrate the achievement of large quantum degenerate mixtures of 40K and 87Rb. Using heteronuclear Feshbach resonances, we show how the heteronuclear interaction can be tuned, allowing us to induce phase separation and collapse for large repulsive and attractive interactions, respectively. We realize Fermi-Bose mixtures in 3D optical lattices as a novel quantum many-body system and study coherence properties of the mixture. Combining our experiments on lattices and Feshbach resonances, we present the first realization of ultracold heteronuclear Feshbach molecules. The molecules are created at individual sites of a 3D optical lattice. We discuss lifetime, binding energy and rf association efficiency in terms of a universal model and give an outlook for possible future developments.

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Quantum Degenerate Fermi-Bose Mixtures of 40K and 87Rb in 3D Optical Lattices

Silke Ospelkaus

Recent years have seen spectacular progress towards the realization of novel strongly correlated systems with homonuclear ultracold quantum gases. The strongly correlated regime has been demonstrated to be accessible both by means of strong, periodic confinement as demonstrated in experiments with optical lattices and through strong resonant interactions which can be produced by means of Feshbach resonances. Given the impressive development seen in homonuclear systems, heteronuclear systems composed of particles with different quantum-statistical behavior (Fermi-Bose mixtures) offer an even wider spectrum of possibilities for quantum simulation and strongly correlated phases, in particular when loaded into an optical lattice and combined with the possibility of almost arbitrary interactions through Feshbach resonances. In this thesis, experiments with Fermi-Bose mixtures in 3-dimensional optical lattices and under the influence of tunable heteronuclear interactions are presented. 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The periodic potential of an optical lattice is an ideal environment for simulation of quantum many-body Hamiltonians and systems of reduced dimensionality. Theoretical results for fermionic and bosonic atoms in optical lattices are presented, both in a single particle picture, highlighting the role of the external trapping potential, as well as in the interacting many-particle limit. This thesis documents the first realization of a Fermi-Bose quantum many-body system in a 3D optical lattice. In these experiments, the effect of a small fermionic fraction on the coherence properties of the bosonic sample is investigated. Already a small fermionic impurity fraction strongly affects the coherence properties of the bosonic cloud. The quantitative analysis shows that in the presence of the fermionic component, decoherence of the bosonic ensemble occurs at much lower lattice depths than for a pure bosonic sample. The surprisingly large effect has triggered an intense discussion on possible explanations in terms of thermodynamic properties, mean field models and disorder-related localization scenarios. Combining tunable interactions with 3-dimensional optical lattices, formation of heteronuclear Feshbach molecules in single wells of the lattice is demonstrated for the first time, along with a determination of the molecular binding energy and lifetime. By subsequent two-color photoassociation schemes, these (externally) ground state molecules may be transferred into their internal ground state where they exhibit a permanent electric dipole moment. This may result in the realization of novel quantum gases with anisotropic interactions. Das Feld ultrakalter homonuklearer Quantengase wurde in den letzten Jahren durch fundamentale Fortschritte in der Realisierung stark korrelierter Systeme gepragt. Das Regime starker Korrelation wurde sowohl durch starke aussere Einschlusspotentiale in optischen Gittern als auch durch starke resonante Wechselwirkung an einer Feshbach-Resonanz erreicht. Heteronukleare Systeme gemischter Quantenstatistik (Fermi-Bose Mischungen), kombiniert mit dreidimensionalen optischen Gittern und einstellbarer Wechselwirkung, eroffnen die Perspektive, fundamental neue Quantenphasen stark korrelierter Systeme zu realisieren und in einer extrem reinen und kontrollierbaren Umgebung zu studieren. In dieser Arbeit wurde zusammen mit C. Ospelkaus ein Experiment zum Studium ultrakalter Fermi-Bose Mischungen aus 40K und 87Rb in dreidimensionalen optischen Gittern mit einstellbarer Wechselwirkung aufgebaut. Ausgehend von quantentarteten Mischungen groser Teilchenzahl wurden Effekte der attraktiven Hintergrundwechselwirkung zwischen den Konstituenten untersucht. Die Durchstimmbarkeit der Wechselwirkung an einer heteronuklearen Feshbach-Resonanz wurde erstmalig demonstriert und die grundlegenden Phasen harmonisch gefangener Fermi-Bose Mischungen untersucht. Dies reicht von einem wechselwirkungsinduzierten Kollaps im Falle attraktiver Wechselwirkung uber stabile Mischungen attraktiver und repulsiver Wechselwirkung bis hin zur Phasenseparation im Falle starker repulsiver Wechselwirkung. Periodische optische Potentiale bieten eine ideale Umgebung zur Simulation von Vielteilchen-Hamiltonoperatoren und niederdimensionalen Systemen. Grundlegende theoretische Ergebnisse fur fermionische und bosonische Systeme in optischen Gittern werden sowohl aus der Perspektive eines Einteilchenbildes als auch eines Vielteilchenbildes mit und ohne Wechselwirkung vorgestellt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde erstmalig ein Vielteilchensystem gemischter Statistik in einem dreidimensionalen optischen Gitter realisiert. In ersten Experimenten wurden die Koharenzeigenschaften der bosonischen Komponente unter dem Einfluss der fermionischen Atome untersucht. Bereits eine kleine Beimischung fermionischer Atome beeinflusst die Koharenzeigenschaften der Bosonen signifikant und induziert einen Koharenzverlust in der bosonischen Wolke bei wesentlich flacheren Gittern als im rein bosonischen System. Die Ursache dieses erstaunlich grosen Effektes wird derzeitig kontrovers diskutiert. Als mogliche Ursachen werden thermodynamische Eigenschaften des Ladeprozesses der Mischung in das Gitter, eine Verschiebung des Ubergangs einer superfluiden in eine Mott-isolierende Phase unter dem Einfluss der heteronuklearen Wechselwirkung sowie unordnungsinduzierte Lokalisierungsphanomene diskutiert. Schlieslich wird die erstmalige Erzeugung langlebiger heteronuklearer Feshbach-Molekule in einem optischen Gitter vorgestellt. 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Fermi-Bose mixture across a Feshbach resonance

Luca Salasnich, Flavio Toigo

We study a dilute mixture of degenerate bosons and fermions across a Feshbach resonance of the Fermi-Fermi scattering length ${a}_{F}$. This scattering length is renormalized by the boson-induced interaction between fermions and its value is crucial to determine the phase diagram of the system. For the mixture in a box and a positive Bose-Fermi scattering length, we show that there are three possibilities: A single uniform mixed phase, a purely fermionic phase coexisting with a mixed phase, and a purely fermionic phase coexisting with a purely bosonic one. As $1∕{a}_{F}$ is increased from a negative value to the Feshbach resonance $(1∕{a}_{F}=0)$, the region of pure separation increases and the other two regions are strongly reduced. Above the Feshbach resonance $(1∕{a}_{F}>0)$, pairs of Fermi atoms become Bose-condensed molecules. We find that these molecules are fully spatially separated from the bosonic atoms when $1∕{a}_{F}$ exceeds a critical value. For a negative Bose-Fermi scattering length we deduce the condition for collapse, which coincides with the onset of dynamical instability of the fully mixed phase. We consider also the mixture in a harmonic trap and determine the conditions for partial demixing, full demixing, and collapse. The experimental implications of our results are investigated by analyzing mixtures of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ and $^{40}\mathrm{K}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms.

arXiv:cond-mat/0701098•Physical Review A•Jan 25, 2007•22 citations
We demonstrate tuning of interactions between fermionic 40K and bosonic 87Rb atoms by Feshbach resonances and access the complete phase diagram of the harmonically trapped mixture from phase separation to collapse. On the attractive side of the resonance, we observe a strongly enhanced mean-field energy of the condensate due to the mutual mean-field confinement, predicted by a Thomas-Fermi model. As we increase heteronuclear interactions beyond a threshold, we observe an induced collapse of the mixture. On the repulsive side of the resonance, we observe vertical phase separation of the mixture in the presence of the gravitational force, thus entering a completely unexplored part of the phase diagram of the mixture. In addition, we identify the 515 G resonance as p wave by its characteristic doublet structure.
This PhD tutorial article is a review of our experiments on heteronuclear quantum gas mixtures at the University of Hamburg. We introduce basic properties of trapped Fermi-Bose mixtures and demonstrate the achievement of large quantum degenerate mixtures of 40K and 87Rb. Using heteronuclear Feshbach resonances, we show how the heteronuclear interaction can be tuned, allowing us to induce phase separation and collapse for large repulsive and attractive interactions, respectively. We realize Fermi-Bose mixtures in 3D optical lattices as a novel quantum many-body system and study coherence properties of the mixture. Combining our experiments on lattices and Feshbach resonances, we present the first realization of ultracold heteronuclear Feshbach molecules. The molecules are created at individual sites of a 3D optical lattice. We discuss lifetime, binding energy and rf association efficiency in terms of a universal model and give an outlook for possible future developments.
Recent years have seen spectacular progress towards the realization of novel strongly correlated systems with homonuclear ultracold quantum gases. The strongly correlated regime has been demonstrated to be accessible both by means of strong, periodic confinement as demonstrated in experiments with optical lattices and through strong resonant interactions which can be produced by means of Feshbach resonances. Given the impressive development seen in homonuclear systems, heteronuclear systems composed of particles with different quantum-statistical behavior (Fermi-Bose mixtures) offer an even wider spectrum of possibilities for quantum simulation and strongly correlated phases, in particular when loaded into an optical lattice and combined with the possibility of almost arbitrary interactions through Feshbach resonances. In this thesis, experiments with Fermi-Bose mixtures in 3-dimensional optical lattices and under the influence of tunable heteronuclear interactions are presented. An experiment allowing for the creation of large mixtures of quantum degenerate fermionic 40K and bosonic 87Rb gases has been set up together with C. Ospelkaus. The onset of degeneracy in both components is demonstrated, and effects of the heteronuclear attractive background interaction are studied. Heteronuclear Feshbach resonances have been used for the first time in order to change the interaction properties of the mixture in a controlled fashion. This has allowed the study of the complete phase diagram of harmonically trapped mixtures, ranging from stable attractively interacting mixtures over a Feshbach-driven controlled mean field collapse of the system for strong attractive interactions, the onset of phase separation for strong repulsive interactions to stable, repulsively interacting mixtures. The studies of Feshbach resonances have also led to the identification of the first p-wave heteronuclear resonance. The periodic potential of an optical lattice is an ideal environment for simulation of quantum many-body Hamiltonians and systems of reduced dimensionality. Theoretical results for fermionic and bosonic atoms in optical lattices are presented, both in a single particle picture, highlighting the role of the external trapping potential, as well as in the interacting many-particle limit. This thesis documents the first realization of a Fermi-Bose quantum many-body system in a 3D optical lattice. In these experiments, the effect of a small fermionic fraction on the coherence properties of the bosonic sample is investigated. Already a small fermionic impurity fraction strongly affects the coherence properties of the bosonic cloud. The quantitative analysis shows that in the presence of the fermionic component, decoherence of the bosonic ensemble occurs at much lower lattice depths than for a pure bosonic sample. The surprisingly large effect has triggered an intense discussion on possible explanations in terms of thermodynamic properties, mean field models and disorder-related localization scenarios. Combining tunable interactions with 3-dimensional optical lattices, formation of heteronuclear Feshbach molecules in single wells of the lattice is demonstrated for the first time, along with a determination of the molecular binding energy and lifetime. By subsequent two-color photoassociation schemes, these (externally) ground state molecules may be transferred into their internal ground state where they exhibit a permanent electric dipole moment. This may result in the realization of novel quantum gases with anisotropic interactions. Das Feld ultrakalter homonuklearer Quantengase wurde in den letzten Jahren durch fundamentale Fortschritte in der Realisierung stark korrelierter Systeme gepragt. Das Regime starker Korrelation wurde sowohl durch starke aussere Einschlusspotentiale in optischen Gittern als auch durch starke resonante Wechselwirkung an einer Feshbach-Resonanz erreicht. Heteronukleare Systeme gemischter Quantenstatistik (Fermi-Bose Mischungen), kombiniert mit dreidimensionalen optischen Gittern und einstellbarer Wechselwirkung, eroffnen die Perspektive, fundamental neue Quantenphasen stark korrelierter Systeme zu realisieren und in einer extrem reinen und kontrollierbaren Umgebung zu studieren. In dieser Arbeit wurde zusammen mit C. Ospelkaus ein Experiment zum Studium ultrakalter Fermi-Bose Mischungen aus 40K und 87Rb in dreidimensionalen optischen Gittern mit einstellbarer Wechselwirkung aufgebaut. Ausgehend von quantentarteten Mischungen groser Teilchenzahl wurden Effekte der attraktiven Hintergrundwechselwirkung zwischen den Konstituenten untersucht. Die Durchstimmbarkeit der Wechselwirkung an einer heteronuklearen Feshbach-Resonanz wurde erstmalig demonstriert und die grundlegenden Phasen harmonisch gefangener Fermi-Bose Mischungen untersucht. Dies reicht von einem wechselwirkungsinduzierten Kollaps im Falle attraktiver Wechselwirkung uber stabile Mischungen attraktiver und repulsiver Wechselwirkung bis hin zur Phasenseparation im Falle starker repulsiver Wechselwirkung. Periodische optische Potentiale bieten eine ideale Umgebung zur Simulation von Vielteilchen-Hamiltonoperatoren und niederdimensionalen Systemen. Grundlegende theoretische Ergebnisse fur fermionische und bosonische Systeme in optischen Gittern werden sowohl aus der Perspektive eines Einteilchenbildes als auch eines Vielteilchenbildes mit und ohne Wechselwirkung vorgestellt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde erstmalig ein Vielteilchensystem gemischter Statistik in einem dreidimensionalen optischen Gitter realisiert. In ersten Experimenten wurden die Koharenzeigenschaften der bosonischen Komponente unter dem Einfluss der fermionischen Atome untersucht. Bereits eine kleine Beimischung fermionischer Atome beeinflusst die Koharenzeigenschaften der Bosonen signifikant und induziert einen Koharenzverlust in der bosonischen Wolke bei wesentlich flacheren Gittern als im rein bosonischen System. Die Ursache dieses erstaunlich grosen Effektes wird derzeitig kontrovers diskutiert. Als mogliche Ursachen werden thermodynamische Eigenschaften des Ladeprozesses der Mischung in das Gitter, eine Verschiebung des Ubergangs einer superfluiden in eine Mott-isolierende Phase unter dem Einfluss der heteronuklearen Wechselwirkung sowie unordnungsinduzierte Lokalisierungsphanomene diskutiert. Schlieslich wird die erstmalige Erzeugung langlebiger heteronuklearer Feshbach-Molekule in einem optischen Gitter vorgestellt. In diesen Experimenten wird die Durchstimmbarkeit der Wechselwirkung an einer Feshbach Resonanz mit dreidimensionalen optischen Gittern kombiniert. Die Effizienz des Assoziationsprozesses wird charakterisiert und die Bindungsenergie und Lebensdauer der Molekule gemessen. Fur heteronukleare Molekule aus 40K und 87Rb wird ein permanentes elektrisches Dipolmoment in ihrem absoluten Grundzustand vorhergesagt. Diese heteronuklearen Molekule bieten daher weitreichende Perspektiven zum Studium von Quantengasen anisotroper dipolarer Wechselwirkung.
We consider a mixture of single-component bosonic and fermionic atoms with an interspecies interaction that is varied using a Feshbach resonance. By performing a mean-field analysis of a two-channel model, which describes both narrow and broad Feshbach resonances, we find an unexpectedly rich phase diagram at zero temperature: Bose-condensed and non-Bose-condensed phases form a variety of phase-separated states that are accompanied by both critical and tricritical points. We discuss the implications of our results for the experimentally observed collapse of Bose-Fermi mixtures on the attractive side of the Feshbach resonance, and we make predictions for future experiments on Bose-Fermi mixtures close to a Feshbach resonance.
We control the interspecies interaction in a two-species atomic quantum mixture by tuning the magnetic field at a Feshbach resonance. The mixture is composed by fermionic 40K^{40}\mathrm{K}40K and bosonic 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb. We observe effects of the large attractive and repulsive interaction energy across the resonance, such as collapse or a reduced spatial overlap of the mixture, and we accurately locate the resonance position and width. Understanding and controlling instabilities in this mixture opens the way to a variety of applications, including formation of heteronuclear molecular quantum gases.
We study a dilute mixture of degenerate bosons and fermions across a Feshbach resonance of the Fermi-Fermi scattering length aF{a}_{F}aF​. This scattering length is renormalized by the boson-induced interaction between fermions and its value is crucial to determine the phase diagram of the system. For the mixture in a box and a positive Bose-Fermi scattering length, we show that there are three possibilities: A single uniform mixed phase, a purely fermionic phase coexisting with a mixed phase, and a purely fermionic phase coexisting with a purely bosonic one. As 1∕aF1∕{a}_{F}1∕aF​ is increased from a negative value to the Feshbach resonance (1∕aF=0)(1∕{a}_{F}=0)(1∕aF​=0), the region of pure separation increases and the other two regions are strongly reduced. Above the Feshbach resonance (1∕aF>0)(1∕{a}_{F}>0)(1∕aF​>0), pairs of Fermi atoms become Bose-condensed molecules. We find that these molecules are fully spatially separated from the bosonic atoms when 1∕aF1∕{a}_{F}1∕aF​ exceeds a critical value. For a negative Bose-Fermi scattering length we deduce the condition for collapse, which coincides with the onset of dynamical instability of the fully mixed phase. We consider also the mixture in a harmonic trap and determine the conditions for partial demixing, full demixing, and collapse. The experimental implications of our results are investigated by analyzing mixtures of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ and $^{40}\mathrm{K}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms.