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arXiv:cond-mat/0601004

Theory of matter wave beam splitters in gravito-inertial and trapping potentials

Charles Antoine, Christian Bordé

Published Dec 31, 2005• 3 citations

Abstract

We present a strong field theory of matter wave splitting in the presence of various gravitational, inertial and trapping potentials. The effect of these potentials on the resonance condition (between the splitting potential and the considered effective two-level system) and on the atomic Borrmann effect is investigated in detail. The dispersive structuring of an incident atomic wave packet - due to such generalized beam splitters - is studied and modeled, and several important dynamical features of the solutions are detailed (generalized Rabi oscillations, velocity selection, anomalous dispersion, generalized Borrmann effect and anomalous gravitational bending). Finally, we show how to express this triple interaction "matter - splitting potential - gravito-inertial and trapping potentials" as an equivalent instantaneous interaction which turns out to be a very efficient tool for the modeling of atom interferometers.

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0601004

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We present a strong field theory of matter wave splitting in the presence of various gravitational, inertial and trapping potentials. The effect of these potentials on the resonance condition (between the splitting potential and the considered effective two-level system) and on the atomic Borrmann effect is investigated in detail. The dispersive structuring of an incident atomic wave packet - due to such generalized beam splitters - is studied and modeled, and several important dynamical features of the solutions are detailed (generalized Rabi oscillations, velocity selection, anomalous dispersion, generalized Borrmann effect and anomalous gravitational bending). Finally, we show how to express this triple interaction "matter - splitting potential - gravito-inertial and trapping potentials" as an equivalent instantaneous interaction which turns out to be a very efficient tool for the modeling of atom interferometers.

We present a generalized model for the evolution of atomic wave-packets in matter-wave interferometers. This method provides an efficient tool for analyzing the performance of atomic interferometers using atom clouds prepared in a trap as a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) or as a thermal ensemble. Predictions of the model for dynamic properties such as wave-packet size and phase are in excellent agreement with explicit numerical solutions of the non-linear Gross-Pitaevskii equations and enable fast calculations of interferometric performance in regimes where full numerical solutions become impractical. As a starting point, the static Thomas-Fermi (TF) approximation for a BEC in a harmonic trap is generalized to the whole range of atom-atom interaction strengths: from non-interacting atoms (low densities) to the standard TF limit (high atomic densities, as long as the condensate approximation still holds). In particular, this generalization allows a good estimation of atomic cloud properties along the transition from a three-dimensional to a quasi-one-dimensional BEC in an elongated trap. We then develop a theoretical model of wave-packet evolution in time-dependent conditions. The model is applicable for a wide range of dynamical problems involving evolution in time-dependent potentials and in a changing mean-field atomic repulsion due to splitting and separation of wave-packets. We use the model for studying two effects that influence interferometric coherence: imperfect spatial recombination in a two-state interferometer (the so-called "Humpty-Dumpty effect") and phase diffusion due to number uncertainty in the two interferometer arms, which was previously studied thoroughly only for interferometric schemes where the BECs in the two arms stay trapped (for example, in a double-well potential).

In the framework of the ABCD ξ formulation of atom optics and with an adequate modelization of the beam splitters, we establish an exact analytical phase shift expression for atom interferometers. This result is valid for a time-dependent external Hamiltonian at most quadratic in position and momentum operators and is expressed in terms of coordinates and momenta of the wave packet centres at the interaction vertices only. As a specific application, the case of atom gyrometers and accelerometers is presented in detail.

The beam splitting process of an atomic beam is described by an exactly solvable theory. We use exact plane wave solutions of an atomic two-level system interacting with laser beams and employ appropriate jump conditions between regions with and without laser beam. The transmission matrix as well as the reflection matrix are given explicitely. Also, the conditions for atom optical analogues of the Borrmann effect and of the pendellösung effect are treated exactly. The high-energy limit of these phenomena is discussed which is sufficient for many practical purposes.

We elaborate a model of the interferometer which, unlike previously studied ones, uses a local ( δ -functional) nonlinear repulsive potential, embedded into a harmonic-oscillator trapping potential, as the splitter for the incident soliton. An estimate demonstrates that this setting may be implemented by means of the localized Feshbach resonance controlled by a focused laser beam. The same system may be realized as a nonlinear waveguide in optics. Subsequent analysis produces an exact solution for scattering of a plane wave in the linear medium on the δ -functional nonlinear repulsive potential, and an approximate solution for splitting of the incident soliton when the ambient medium is nonlinear. The most essential result, obtained by means of systematic simulations, is that the use of the nonlinear splitter provides the sensitivity of the soliton-based interferometer to the target, inserted into one of its arms, which is much higher than the sensitivity provided by the usual linear splitter.