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arXiv:cond-mat/0510672 · Physical Review A

Properties of strongly paired fermionic condensates

Jesper Levinsen, Victor Gurarie

Published May 10, 2006• 62 citations
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Abstract

We study a gas of fermions undergoing a wide resonance $s$-wave BCS--Bose-Einstein-condensate (BEC) crossover, in the BEC regime at zero temperature. We calculate the chemical potential and the speed of sound of this Bose-Einstein-condensed gas, as well as the condensate depletion, in the low-density approximation. We discuss how higher-order terms in the low-density expansion can be constructed. We demonstrate that the standard BCS-BEC gap equation is invalid in the BEC regime and is inconsistent with the results obtained here. The low-density approximation we employ breaks down in the intermediate BCS-BEC crossover region. Hence our theory is unable to predict how the chemical potential and the speed of sound evolve once the interactions are tuned towards the BCS regime. As a part of our theory, we derive the well-known result for the bosonic scattering length diagrammatically and check that there are no bound states of two bosons.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.73.053607

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We study a gas of fermions undergoing a wide resonance sss-wave BCS--Bose-Einstein-condensate (BEC) crossover, in the BEC regime at zero temperature. We calculate the chemical potential and the speed of sound of this Bose-Einstein-condensed gas, as well as the condensate depletion, in the low-density approximation. We discuss how higher-order terms in the low-density expansion can be constructed. We demonstrate that the standard BCS-BEC gap equation is invalid in the BEC regime and is inconsistent with the results obtained here. The low-density approximation we employ breaks down in the intermediate BCS-BEC crossover region. Hence our theory is unable to predict how the chemical potential and the speed of sound evolve once the interactions are tuned towards the BCS regime. As a part of our theory, we derive the well-known result for the bosonic scattering length diagrammatically and check that there are no bound states of two bosons.
This thesis presents theoretical work in s- and p-wave resonantly paired Fermi gases at zero temperature. In the BEC regime of the wide-resonance s-wave BCS-BEC crossover, the chemical potential, speed of sound, condensate depletion, and ground state energy are computed. The quantities are calculated in a low density approximation. The bosonic scattering length is computed diagrammatically to be approximately 0.60a with a the fermionic scattering length, confirming a well-known result. The perturbative approach breaks down in the intermediate BCS-BEC crossover regime which is not investigated. Quantum corrections are computed in the low density expansion, and the mass-imbalanced two-species Fermi gas is investigated. For identical fermions, it is discussed how p-wave Feshbach resonances naturally fall into two classes of "weak" and "strong", depending on the short-distance physics. It is shown how bound fermionic trimers appear in the strongly-resonant superfluid. The appearance of the trimer under the strengthening of the resonance is investigated, and the lifetime of p-wave diatomic molecules due to collisional relaxation into trimers is estimated.
We present an exact many-body theory of ultracold fermionic gases for the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) regime of the BEC-BCS crossover. This is a purely fermionic approach which treats explicitly and systematically the dimers formed in the BEC regime as made of two fermions. We consider specifically the zero temperature case and calculate the first terms of the expansion of the chemical potential in powers of the density nnn. We derive first the mean-field contribution, which has the expected standard expression when it is written in terms of the dimer-dimer scattering length aM{a}_{M}aM​. We go next in the expansion to the Lee-Huang-Yang order, proportional to n3∕2{n}^{3∕2}n3∕2. We find the far less obvious result that it retains also the same expression in terms of aM{a}_{M}aM​ as for elementary bosons. The composite nature of the dimers appears only in the next term proportional to n2{n}^{2}n2.
We investigate the Bose-Einstein condensation of fermionic pairs in a uniform two-component Fermi gas, obtaining an explicit formula for the condensate density as a function of the chemical potential and the energy gap. We analyze the condensate fraction in the crossover from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) state of weakly interacting Cooper pairs to the Bose-Einstein condensate of molecular dimers. By using the local-density approximation we study confined Fermi vapors of alkali-metal atoms for which there is experimental evidence of condensation also on the BCS side of the Feshbach resonance. Our theoretical results are in agreement with these experimental data and give the behavior of the condensate on both sides of the Feshbach resonance at zero temperature.
We present a theoretical study of the BEC-BCS crossover in the Bose-Einstein-condensate (BEC) regime in the case of an unequal number of fermions of two species. We take full account of the composite nature of the dimers made of fermions. In the limit of low densities, we calculate the ground-state energy of the system, or equivalently the chemical potentials of each species, as well as the one-particle gap and the energy of an ``impurity'' immersed in a Fermi sea. For the chemical potentials we go up to order (density)4/3(\mathrm{density}){}^{4/3}(density)4/3. The results found involve the exact atom-dimer aAD{a}_{\mathrm{AD}}aAD​ and dimer-dimer aDD{a}_{\mathrm{DD}}aDD​ scattering lengths and therefore include the three- and four-body problems in the many-body problem. We briefly comment on the importance of the different mean-field corrections for recent experiments.
We study the zero-temperature grand potential of a three-dimensional superfluid made of ultracold fermionic alkali-metal atoms in the BCS-BEC crossover. In particular, we analyze the zero-point energy of both fermionic single-particle excitations and bosonic collective excitations. The bosonic elementary excitations, which are crucial to obtain a reliable equation of state in the Bose-Einstein condensate regime, are obtained with a low-momentum expansion up to the forth order of the quadratic (Gaussian) action of the fluctuating pairing field. By performing a cutoff regularization and renormalization of Gaussian fluctuations, we find that the scattering length aB{a}_{B}aB​ of composite bosons, bound states of fermionic pairs, is given by aB=(2/3)aF{a}_{B}=(2/3)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{a}_{F}aB​=(2/3)aF​, where aF{a}_{F}aF​ is the scattering length of fermions.
We extend our previous investigations of fermionic condensation in broad Feshbach resonances by using the two-channel model developed for narrow Feshbach resonances. We investigate two crossovers: the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer--Bose-Einstein condensation (BCS-BEC) crossover by changing the sss-wave scattering length and the crossover from a narrow to a broad resonance by changing the atom-molecule coupling. At zero temperature we analyze, as a function of both atom-molecule coupling and sss-wave scattering length, the chemical potential, the energy gap, and the condensate fraction of atoms. In particular, we predict the contribution of Cooper pairs and preformed molecules to the total condensate density along the two crossovers.