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arXiv:cond-mat/0507086 · Physical Review A

Polarizability and dynamic structure factor of the one-dimensional Bose gas near the Tonks-Girardeau limit at finite temperatures

Alexander Yu. Cherny, Joachim Brand

Published Feb 17, 2006• 65 citations
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Abstract

Correlation functions related to the dynamic density response of the one-dimensional Bose gas in the model of Lieb and Liniger are calculated. An exact Bose-Fermi mapping is used to work in a fermionic representation with a pseudopotential Hamiltonian. The Hartree-Fock and generalized random phase approximations are derived and the dynamic polarizability is calculated. The results are valid to first order in $1∕\ensuremath{\gamma}$, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is Lieb-Liniger coupling parameter. Approximations for the dynamic and static structure factor at finite temperature are presented. The results preclude superfluidity at any finite temperature in the large-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ regime due to the Landau criterion. Due to the exact Bose-Fermi duality, the results apply for spinless fermions with weak $p$-wave interactions as well as for strongly interacting bosons.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.73.023612

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Correlation functions related to the dynamic density response of the one-dimensional Bose gas in the model of Lieb and Liniger are calculated. An exact Bose-Fermi mapping is used to work in a fermionic representation with a pseudopotential Hamiltonian. The Hartree-Fock and generalized random phase approximations are derived and the dynamic polarizability is calculated. The results are valid to first order in 1∕\ensuremathγ1∕\ensuremath{\gamma}1∕\ensuremathγ, where \ensuremathγ\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremathγ is Lieb-Liniger coupling parameter. Approximations for the dynamic and static structure factor at finite temperature are presented. The results preclude superfluidity at any finite temperature in the large-\ensuremathγ\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremathγ regime due to the Landau criterion. Due to the exact Bose-Fermi duality, the results apply for spinless fermions with weak ppp-wave interactions as well as for strongly interacting bosons.
While the one-dimensional (1D) Bose gas appears to exhibit superfluid response under certain conditions, it fails the Landau criterion according to the elementary excitation spectrum calculated by Lieb. The apparent riddle is solved by calculating the dynamic structure factor of the Lieb-Liniger 1D Bose gas. In a dual representation, strongly interacting bosons are mapped into weakly interacting fermions, which are treated in the Hartree-Fock and generalized random-phase approximations. The dynamic structure factor is calculated analytically in this approximation, which is valid to first order in $1∕\ensuremath{\gamma}$, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is the dimensionless interaction strength of the model. The results clearly indicate a suppression of superfluidity-breaking umklapp excitations near the Tonks-gas limit, which should be observable by Bragg scattering in current experiments.
We calculate the dynamic polarizability of a one-dimensional Bose gas confined into a parabolic trap near the Tonks–Girardeau limit. We use the duality between the one-dimensional Bose gas with δ-interaction and the one-dimensional Fermi gas with δ''-interaction to map the strong interaction regime of the first into the weak one of the latter. The quantities which depend only on the modulus of the wavefunction can be calculated with either of the two theories; therefore, we have used the random-phase approximation in the weak coupling regime of the fermionic system to access dynamic properties in the strong coupling regime of the bosonic one.
We discuss approximate formulas for the dynamic structure factor of the one-dimensional Bose gas in the Lieb-Liniger model that appear to be applicable over a wide range of the relevant parameters such as the interaction strength, frequency, and wave number. The suggested approximations are consistent with the exact results known in limiting cases. In particular, we encompass exact edge exponents as well as the Luttinger-liquid and perturbation theoretic results. We further discuss derived approximations for the static structure factor and the pair distribution function g(x)g(x)g(x). The approximate expressions show excellent agreement with numerical results based on the algebraic Bethe ansatz.
We calculate the density profiles and density correlation functions of the one-dimensional Bose gas in a harmonic trap, using the exact finite-temperature solutions for the uniform case, and applying a local density approximation. The results are valid for a trapping potential that is slowly varying relative to a correlation length. They allow a direct experimental test of the transition from the weak-coupling Gross-Pitaevskii regime to the strong-coupling, ``fermionic'' Tonks-Girardeau regime. We also calculate the average two-particle correlation which characterizes the bulk properties of the sample, and find that it can be well approximated by the value of the local pair correlation in the trap center.
We address the problem of calculating finite-temperature response functions of an experimentally relevant low-dimensional, strongly correlated system: the integrable one-dimensional Bose gas with a repulsive $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function interaction (the Lieb-Liniger model). Focusing on the dynamical density-density function, we present a Bethe ansatz-based method allowing for its accurate evaluation in finite but large systems, over broad ranges of momenta, frequencies, temperatures, and interaction parameters which are difficult to access using other methods. This allows us to quantify the reshaping of the zero-temperature critical behavior by thermal fluctuations, in experimentally accessible regimes.