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arXiv:cond-mat/0506559 · Physical Review Letters

Observation of Phase Defects in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Bose-Einstein Condensates

Sabine Stock, Zoran Hadzibabic, Baptiste Battelier, Marc Cheneau, Jean Dalibard

Published Nov 1, 2005• 146 citations
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Abstract

We have observed phase defects in quasi-2D Bose-Einstein condensates close to the condensation temperature. Either a single or several equally spaced condensates are produced by selectively evaporating the sites of a 1D optical lattice. When several clouds are released from the lattice and allowed to overlap, dislocation lines in the interference patterns reveal nontrivial phase defects.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.95.190403

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We have observed phase defects in quasi-2D Bose-Einstein condensates close to the condensation temperature. Either a single or several equally spaced condensates are produced by selectively evaporating the sites of a 1D optical lattice. When several clouds are released from the lattice and allowed to overlap, dislocation lines in the interference patterns reveal nontrivial phase defects.
Bose-Einstein condensates of rubidium atoms are stored in a two-dimensional periodic dipole force potential, formed by a pair of standing wave laser fields. The resulting potential consists of a lattice of tightly confining tubes, each filled with a 1D quantum gas. Tunnel coupling between neighboring tubes is controlled by the intensity of the laser fields. By observing the interference pattern of atoms released from more than 3000 individual lattice tubes, the phase coherence of the coupled quantum gases is studied. The lifetime of the condensate in the lattice and the dependence of the interference pattern on the lattice configuration are investigated.
This thesis manuscript presents experimental results on Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices and in the regime of fast rotation. In an optical lattice an array of inde-pendent 2-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates is produced from an initially 3-dimen-sional cloud. The number of 2D BECs in this array can be controlled by superimposing a magnetic field gradient along the axis of the lattice and then selectively evaporating the sites. When producing a small number of sites and letting them interfere, dislocations in the interference pattern were observed, which must be due to nontrivial phase defects, as for example free vortices. Such vortices and vortex-antivortex pairs play an important role in the superfluid to normal phase transition in a 2-dimensional gas, the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. With 3-dimensional condensates the limit of fast rotation is studied in a hybrid potential contain-ing a small quartic term. In this trap rotation frequencies larger than the harmonic trapping fre-quency can be reached. These experiments are a first step to a possible observation of strongly correlated states close to the regime of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
We report experimental results on the dynamics and phase evolution of Bose-Einstein condensates in 1D optical lattices. The dynamical behaviour is studied by adiabatically loading the condensate into the lattice and subsequently switching off the magnetic trap. In this case, the condensate is free to expand inside the periodic structure of the optical lattice. The phase evolution of the condensate, on the other hand, can be studied by non-adiabatically switching on the periodic potential. We observe decays and revivals of the interference pattern after a time-of-flight.