We extend the BCS paring model with equally spaced energy levels to a general one-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg model. The two well-known symmetries of the Heisenberg model, i.e. permutational and spin-inversion symmetries, no longer exist. However, when jointing these two operations together, we find a new symmetry of energy spectrum between its subspace n and subspace L − n of the Fock space. A rigorous proof is presented.
We extend the BCS paring model with equally spaced energy levels to a general one-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg model. The two well-known symmetries of the Heisenberg model, i.e. permutational and spin-inversion symmetries, no longer exist. However, when jointing these two operations together, we find a new symmetry of energy spectrum between its subspace n and subspace L − n of the Fock space. A rigorous proof is presented.
The Heisenberg model, a quantum-mechanical analogue of the Ising model, has a large ground-state degeneracy, due to the symmetry generated by the total spin. This symmetry is also responsible for degeneracies in the rest of the spectrum. We discuss the global structure of the spectrum of Heisenberg models with arbitrary couplings, using group-theoretical methods. The Hilbert space breaks up in blocks characterized by the quantum numbers of the total spin, S and M, and each block is shown to constitute the representation space of an explicitly given irreducible representation of the symmetric group SN, consisting of permutations of the N spins in the system. In the second part of the paper we consider, as a concrete application, the model where each spin is coupled to all the other spins with equal strength. Its partition function is written as a single integral, elucidating its N dependence. This provides a useful framework for studying finite-size effects. We give explicit results for the heat capacity, revealing interesting behavior just around the phase transition.
Employing the method of a symmetry lowering (form the permutation group Pn to the dihedral group Cnv), the eigenstates of the ring Heisenberg Hamiltonian H=-2J ∑ni=1Si·Si+1 are classified not only by total spin S and its z-component M, but also by wave number k=2 πL/n, where L= ±0, ±1, ±2, ∼, ±p for n=2p+1 or 2p. By the characters of irreducible representation of Pn and Cnv, we express the sum of the energy eigenvalues at fixed S, M and L, together with the number of the eigenstates contained in this sum. With respect to the spin configurations in the ring, it is revealed that there exist invariant subspaces under all symmetry operations of Cnv in the space of the spin-functions specified by M. By connecting this fact with the Wigner coefficients, the eigenfunctions are easily obtained.
The known symmetries in one-dimensional systems are inversion and translations. These symmetries persist in finite phase plane, but a novel symmetry arises in view of the discrete nature of the coordinate x i and the momentum p i : x i and p i can undergo permutations. Thus, if x i assumes M discrete values, i = 0, 1,2,..., M – 1, a permutation will change the order of the set x 0 , x 1 ,..., x M −1 into a new ordered set. Such a symmetry element does not exist for a continuous x -coordinate in an infinite phase plane. Thus, in a finite phase plane, translations can be replaced by permutations. This is also true for the inversion operator. The new permutation symmetry has been used for the construction of conjugate representations and for the splitting of the M -dimensional vector space into independent subspaces. This splitting is exhaustive in the sense that if M = i M i with M i being prime numbers, the M -dimensional space splits into M 1 , M 2 ,... M n -dimensional independent subspaces. It is shown that following this splitting one can design new potentials with appropriate constants of motion. A related problem is the Weyl-Heisenberg group in the M-dimensional space which turns into a direct product of its subgroups in the M i -dimensional subspaces. As an example we consider the case of M = 8.
It is well-known (see [1]) that for a Heisenberg magnet symmetry operators and symmetry classes can be defined in a very similar way as for tensors (see e.g. [2, 3, 4]). Newer papers which consider the action of permutations on the Hilbert space Ti of the Heisenberg magnet are [5, 6, 7, 8]. We define symmetry classes and commutation symmetries in the Hilbert space H of the 1D spin-1/2 Heisenberg magnetic ring with N sites and investigate them by means of tools from the representation theory of symmetric groups C[ S N ] such as decompositions of ideals of the group ring C[ S N ], idempotents of C[ S N ], discrete Fourier transforms of S N , Littlewood-Richardson products. In particular, we determine smallest symmetry classes and stability subgroups of both single eigenvectors v and subspaces U of eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian H of the magnet. Expectedly, the symmetry classes defined by stability subgroups of v or U are bigger than the corresponding smallest symmetry classes of v or U , respectively. The determination of the smallest symmetry class for U bases on an algorithm which calculates explicitely a generating idempotent for a non-direct sum of right ideals of C[ S N ]. Let U (r1,r2) μ be a subspace of eigenvectors of a fixed eigenvalue μ of H with weight ( r 1 , r 2 ). If one determines the smallest symmetry class for every v U (r1,r2) μ then one can observe jumps of the symmetry behaviour. For "generic" v U (r1,r2) μ all smallest symmetry classes have the same maximal dimension d and 'structure'. But U (r1,r2) μ can contain linear subspaces on which the dimension of the smallest symmetry class of v jumps to a value smaller than d. Then the stability subgroup of v can increase. We can calculate such jumps explicitely. In our investigations we use computer calculations by means of the Mathematica packages PERMS and HRing.
We investigate disordered phases realized in one-dimensional quantum spin systems.We revisit an effective field theory proposed by Schulz [Phys.Rev. B 34, 6372 (1986)], which encapsulates several essential properties in low energy, from the point of view of symmetry.Although this effective theory was originally derived by perturbation theory, we find that it is fully consistent with the symmetry of the Hamiltonian and thus uniquely identified in the non-perturbative sense.This theory explains many possible phase transitions known to occur among valence-bond-solid phases, which are typical disordered phases in one-dimensional spin systems.Furthermore, this theory indicates that the phase transitions only occur under one of four symmetries: time reversal, bond-centered inversion, dihedral group of spin rotations, and site-centered inversion combined with a spin rotation.Surprisingly, the first three symmetries are consistent with those protecting the Haldane phase in spin-1 chains, which have already been found by a completely different approach using the matrix-product state (MPS).On the other hand, the last one is not known so far.To understand it, we explicitly construct a microscopic model that has two distinct disordered phases protected by the combined inversion symmetry.We examine this model and confirm the existence of those disordered phases by perturbation theory and numerical simulations.For completeness, we further give a more rigorous proof of their existence, based on the non-translation-invariant MPS.We also propose an extension of the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorem for the absence of a unique gapped ground state in half-odd-integer spin systems with site-centered inversion symmetry.
Abstract. It is well-known (see [1]) that for a Heisenberg magnet symmetry operators and symmetry classes can be defined in a very similar way as for tensors (see e.g. [2, 3, 4]). Newer papers which consider the action of permutations on the Hilbert space H of the Heisenberg magnet are [5, 6, 7, 8]. We define symmetry classes and commutation symmetries in the Hilbert space H of the 1D spin-1/2 Heisenberg magnetic ring with N sites and investigate them by means of tools from the representation theory of symmetric groups SN such as decompositions of ideals of the group ring C[SN], idempotents of C[SN], discrete Fourier transforms of SN, Littlewood-Richardson products. In particular, we determine smallest symmetry classes and stability subgroups of both single eigenvectors v and subspaces U of eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian H of the magnet. Expectedly, the symmetry classes defined by stability subgroups of v or U are bigger than the corresponding smallest symmetry classes of v or U, respectively. The determination of the smallest symmetry class for U bases on an algorithm which calculates explicitely a generating idempotent for a non-direct sum of right ideals of C[SN]. Let U (r1,r2)