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arXiv:cond-mat/0504583 · Physical Review B

Generating spin-entangled electron pairs in normal conductors using voltage pulses

A. V. Lebedev, Gordey B. Lesovik, G. Blatter

Published Dec 9, 2005• 34 citations
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Abstract

We suggest an operating scheme for the deliberate generation of spin-entangled electron pairs in a normal-metal mesoscopic structure with fork geometry. Voltage pulses with associated Faraday flux equal to one flux unit ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}=hc∕e$ drive individual singlet pairs of electrons toward the beam splitter. The spin-entangled pair is created through a post-selection in the two branches of the fork. We analyze the appearance of entanglement in a Bell inequality test formulated in terms of the number of transmitted electrons with a given spin polarization.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.72.245314

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We suggest an operating scheme for the deliberate generation of spin-entangled electron pairs in a normal-metal mesoscopic structure with fork geometry. Voltage pulses with associated Faraday flux equal to one flux unit \ensuremathΦ0=hc∕e{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}=hc∕e\ensuremathΦ0​=hc∕e drive individual singlet pairs of electrons toward the beam splitter. The spin-entangled pair is created through a post-selection in the two branches of the fork. We analyze the appearance of entanglement in a Bell inequality test formulated in terms of the number of transmitted electrons with a given spin polarization.
In this article we discuss our two recent proposals on producing and detecting of entangled states in quantum conductors. First we analyze a setup where two electrons are scattered on a quantum dot with Coulomb repulsion and became orbitally entangled. Second, for identical noninteracting particles we suggest an operating scheme for the deliberate generation of spin‐entangled electron pairs in a normal‐metal mesoscopic structure with a fork geometry. The spin‐entangled pair is created through a post‐selection in the two branches of the fork. We also make comments on different ways of producing and quantifying the degree of entanglement.
We propose a spin-independent scheme to generate and detect two-particle entanglement in a mesoscopic normal-superconductor system. A superconductor, weakly coupled to the normal conductor, generates an orbitally entangled state by injecting pairs of electrons into different leads of the normal conductor. The entanglement is detected via violation of a Bell inequality, formulated in terms of zero-frequency current cross correlators. It is shown that the Bell inequality can be violated for arbitrary strong dephasing in the normal conductor.
We present a theoretical analysis of the appearance of entanglement in noninteracting mesoscopic structures. Our setup involves two oppositely polarized sources injecting electrons of opposite spin into the two incoming leads. The mixing of these polarized streams in an ideal four-channel beam splitter produces two outgoing streams with particular tunable correlations. A Bell inequality test involving cross-correlated spin currents in opposite leads signals the presence of spin entanglement between particles propagating in different leads. We identify the role of fermionic statistics and projective measurement in the generation of these spin-entangled electrons.
The possibility for detecting energy entanglement in normal metal−−--−−superconductor junctions is examined. We prove that two electrons in a NS structure originating from the same Cooper pair are entangled in the energy subspace. This work follows previous works where spin entanglement was studied in similar circuits. The device consists of a superconducting beam splitter connected to two electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometers. In each arm of the interferometers, energies are filtered with coherent quantum dots. In contrast to previous studies of zero-frequency cross-correlations of electrical currents for this system, attention is drawn to finite-time measurements. This allows one to observe two-particle interference for particles with different energies above and below Fermi level. Entanglement is first characterized via the concurrence for the two-particle spatial density matrix. Next, we formulate the Bell inequality, which is written in terms of finite-time noise correlators, and thereby we find a specific set of parameters for which entanglement can be detected.
We study the time-dependent electron-electron and electron-hole correlations in a mesoscopic device which is splitting an incident current of free fermions into two spatially separated particle streams. We analyze the appearance of entanglement as manifested in a Bell inequality test and discuss its origin in terms of local spin-singlet correlations already present in the initial channel and the action of post-selection during the Bell-type measurement. The time window over which the Bell inequality is violated is determined in the tunneling limit and for the general situation with arbitrary transparencies. We compare our results with alternative Bell inequality tests based on coincidence probabilities.
Bell-inequality checks constitute a probe of entanglement---given a source of entangled particles, their violation is a signature of the nonlocal nature of quantum mechanics. Here, we study a solid-state device producing pairs of entangled electrons, a superconductor emitting Cooper pairs properly split into the two arms of a normal-metallic fork with the help of appropriate filters. We formulate Bell-type inequalities in terms of current-current cross correlators, the natural quantities measured in mesoscopic physics; their violation provides evidence that this device indeed is a source of entangled electrons.