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arXiv:cond-mat/0503590 · Physical Review A

Bose-Einstein condensate in a box

Todd P. Meyrath, Florian Schreck, J. L. Hanssen, Chih‐Sung Chuu, Mark G. Raizen

Published Apr 29, 2005• 271 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Bose-Einstein condensates have been produced in an optical box trap. This optical trap type has strong confinement in two directions comparable to that which is possible in an optical lattice, yet produces individual condensates rather than the thousands typical of a lattice. The box trap is integrated with single-atom detection capability, paving the way for studies of quantum atom statistics.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.71.041604

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Bose-Einstein condensates have been produced in an optical box trap. This optical trap type has strong confinement in two directions comparable to that which is possible in an optical lattice, yet produces individual condensates rather than the thousands typical of a lattice. The box trap is integrated with single-atom detection capability, paving the way for studies of quantum atom statistics.
Optical dipole traps (ODTs) are among the most commonly used traps for confining Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). A high degree of control of light allows for the realisation of a great variety of trapping geometries. The use of blue-detuned optical traps for BECs has many advantages over using red-detuned traps. As a blue-detuned trap acts as a repulsive potential, one of its main advantages is its ability to expel hot (thermal) atoms that introduce noise in measurements. We form our trap by creating an optical lattice of two interfering blue-detuned beams, and trap atoms vertically the nodal lattice planes. Another blue-detuned beam is used to trap atoms in the horizontal plane. This allows for creation of nearly uniform traps, closely resembling a finite-potential square well. The lattice spacing is easily adjusted, which provides stronger vertical confinement, making the trap a 2D box trap for BECs.
Summary form only given. Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) are generally produced by evaporative cooling of laser cooled atomic samples in magnetic traps. Though magnetic traps are indispensable for the production of a BEC, they pose restrictions on the possible studies with a BEC. Previous experiments of our group have demonstrated that it is possible to trap a BEC in the circular focus of a far-detuned infrared laser beam. This first realization of an optical dipole trap (ODT) for BEC was used to prepare and investigate spinor condensates of Na atoms in the F=1 hyperfine manifold. However, the initial peak density in this ODT after loading from the magnetic trap reached 10/sup 15/ atoms/cm/sup 3/, leading to rapid losses due to three-body collisions. To realize an ODT capable of storing large condensates for a long time, we have used a laser beam with an elliptical beam profile. The optical trap is loaded by superimposing the light field onto the magnetic trap and then slowly turning off the magnetic fields. The transfer efficiency is close to 100%, and thus more than 10/sup 7/ Bose-condensed atoms can be loaded into the ODT.
Both Bose-Einstein condensates and optical fields are composed of bosons, so that the majority of the processes which have long been studied in quantum and nonlinear optics have equivalents in the field of Bose-Einsten condensation. However, due to the masses of the condensed atoms, the confining potentials and the huge collisional nonlinearities, the simpler theoretical approaches common to quantum optics can sometimes give misleading answers when applied to condensates. In this work we describe some of the areas where simplified treatments can be misleading, and compare and contrast the predictions of quantum many-body treatments with those of the single-mode type treatments which have been so successful in quantum optics.
Bose-Einstein condensates of sodium atoms have been confined in an optical dipole trap using a single focused infrared laser beam. This eliminates the restrictions of magnetic traps for further studies of atom lasers and Bose-Einstein condensates. More than $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ condensed atoms were transferred into the optical trap. Densities of up to $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ of Bose condensed atoms were obtained, allowing for a measurement of the three-body loss rate constant for sodium condensates as ${K}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.1(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}{\mathrm{cm}}^{6}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. At lower densities, the observed 1/e1/e1/e lifetime was longer than 10 s. Simultaneous confinement of Bose-Einstein condensates in several hyperfine states was demonstrated.