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arXiv:cond-mat/0502019

Spin gap antiferromagnets: materials and phenomena

Indrani Bose

Published Feb 1, 2005• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

There are several interacting spin systems which have a gap in their spin excitation spectrum. The gap does not occur due to anisotropies present in the system but is quantum mechanical in origin. We give a brief overview on the different types of spin gap (SG) antiferromagnets, the models proposed to describe their physical properties and experimental realizations of such systems. Our special focus is on exactly-solvable models and rigorous theories which provide the correct physical picture for the novel phenomena exhibited by SG systems

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0502019

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There are several interacting spin systems which have a gap in their spin excitation spectrum. The gap does not occur due to anisotropies present in the system but is quantum mechanical in origin. We give a brief overview on the different types of spin gap (SG) antiferromagnets, the models proposed to describe their physical properties and experimental realizations of such systems. Our special focus is on exactly-solvable models and rigorous theories which provide the correct physical picture for the novel phenomena exhibited by SG systems
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We investigate the quantum dynamics of the spins on different Heisenberg antiferromagnetic spin lattice systems. Firstly, we applied the coupled-cluster method to the spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic \emph{XXZ} model on a square lattice by employing an approximation which contains two-body long-range correlations and high-order four-body local correlations. Improvement is found for the ground-state energy, sublattice magnetization, and the critical anisotropy when comparing with the approximation including the two-body correlations alone. We also obtain the full excitation spectrum which is in good agreement with the quantum Monte Carlo results and the high-order spin-wave theory.Secondly, we study the longitudinal excitations of quantum antiferromagnets on a triangular lattice by a recently proposed microscopic many-body approach based on magnon-density waves. We calculate the full longitudinal excitation spectra of the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model for a general spin quantum number in the isotropic limit. Similar to the square lattice model, we find that, at the center of the first hexagonal Brillouin zone Γ(q=0)\Gamma(\mathbf q=0)Γ(q=0) and at the magnetic ordering wavevectors ±[Q=(4π/3,0)]\pm[\mathbf Q= (4\pi/3,0)]±[Q=(4π/3,0)], the excitation spectra become gapless in the thermodynamic limit, due to the slow, logarithmic divergence of the structure factor. However, these longitudinal modes on two-dimensional models may be considered as quasi-gapped, as any finite-size effect or small anisotropy will induce a large energy gap, when compared with the counterpart of the transverse spin-wave excitations. We have also investigated the excited states of the quasi-one-dimensional quantum antiferromagnets on hexagonal lattices, including the longitudinal modes based on the magnon-density waves. A model Hamiltonian with a uniaxial single-ion anisotropy is first studied by a spin-wave theory based on the one-boson method; the ground state thus obtained is employed for the study of the longitudinal modes. The full energy spectra of both the transverse modes (i.e., magnons) and the longitudinal modes are obtained as functions of the nearest-neighbor coupling and the anisotropy constants. We have found two longitudinal modes due to the non-collinear nature of the triangular antiferromagnetic order, similar to that of the phenomenological field theory approach by Affleck. The excitation energy gaps due to the anisotropy and the energy gaps of the longitudinal modes without anisotropy are then investigated. We then compares our results for the longitudinal energy gaps at the magnetic wavevectors with the experimental results for several antiferromagnetic compounds with both integer and non-integer spin quantum numbers, and we find good agreements after the higher-order contributions are included in our calculations.
The linear, spin-12\frac{1}{2}21​, alternating Heisenberg chain has attracted theoretical and experimental attention from physical chemists for about two decades, particularly in relation to spin exciton theory and the properties of linear, exchange-coupled free radicals. The model is somewhat unfamiliar to physicists but has become of increasing interest recently, primarily because of its relation to spin-Peierls transition systems. A striking feature of this model is that it has so far proved resistant to any form of analytic attack. Existing theories are therefore all approximate, and are not in agreement with one another. In particular, there is disagreement about the existence of an energy gap in the excitation spectrum for nonzero alternation, such a gap being crucial to spin-Peierls theory and spin exciton theory. In this paper we employ the method which has so far proved more reliable than any other approximate technique, namely the method of extrapolating exact finite-chain calculations to the thermodynamic limit. Our study is an extension of earlier work in this direction, and focuses on the nature of the ground state and on low-lying excitations in general, and the existence and properties of the gap in particular. We introduce the features of the linear alternating antiferromagnet through an initial description of the spin-Peierls transition and with brief reference to organic free radicals and spin exciton theory. This is followed by a survey of existing approximate theories. Features of the excitation spectrum are discussed and finite-chain extrapolations for the ground-state energy and energy gap as a function of alternation are presented. Comparisons are made with similar procedures performed on exactly solvable models, as a test of the expected accuracy of the extrapolations. Excitation spectra for a variety of other alternating models, classical and quantum, are calculated and surveyed comparatively. An unusual variety of behavior is observed, with striking differences between quantum and classical systems. Finally, a detailed comparison is made between our results and those of other approximate methods, including the new quantum renormalization-group approach. Particular attention is paid to values for the T=0T=0T=0 spin-Peierls critical exponents.