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arXiv:cond-mat/0501630

Fluctuation-dissipation relations for continuous quantum measurements

Yuriy E. Kuzovlev

Published Jan 26, 2005• 6 citations
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Abstract

The generating functional is derived for the fluctuation-dissipation relations which result from the unitarity and reversibility of microscopic dynamics and connect various statistical characteristics of many consecutive (continuous) observations in a quantum system subjected to external perturbations. Consequences of these relations in respect to the earlier suggested stochastic representation of interaction between two systems are considered.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0501630

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The generating functional is derived for the fluctuation-dissipation relations which result from the unitarity and reversibility of microscopic dynamics and connect various statistical characteristics of many consecutive (continuous) observations in a quantum system subjected to external perturbations. Consequences of these relations in respect to the earlier suggested stochastic representation of interaction between two systems are considered.
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The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is a central result in statistical physics, both for classical and quantum systems. It establishes a relationship between the linear response of a system under a time-dependent perturbation and time correlations of certain observables in equilibrium. Here we derive a generalization of the theorem which can be applied to any Markov quantum system and makes use of the symmetric logarithmic derivative (SLD). There are several important benefits from our approach. First, such a formulation clarifies the relation between classical and quantum versions of the equilibrium FDT. Second, and more important, it facilitates the extension of the FDT to arbitrary quantum Markovian evolutions, as given by quantum maps. Third, it brings out the full connection between the FDT and the Quantum Fisher information, the figure of merit in quantum metrology.
Fluctuation theorems are relations constraining the out-of-equilibrium fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities like the entropy production that were initially introduced for classical or quantum systems in contact with a thermal bath. Here we show, in the absence of thermal bath, the dynamics of continuously measured quantum systems can also be described by a fluctuation theorem, expressed in terms of a recently introduced arrow of time measure. This theorem captures the emergence of irreversible behavior from microscopic reversibility in continuous quantum measurements. From this relation, we demonstrate that measurement-induced wave-function collapse exhibits absolute irreversibility, such that Jarzynski-like equalities are violated, and that this property is inherent to quantum information acquisition. We apply our results to different continuous measurement schemes on a qubit: dispersive measurement, homodyne, and heterodyne detection of qubit's fluorescence.
In this paper, we take a control-theoretic approach to answering some standard questions in statistical mechanics, and use the results to derive limitations of classical measurements. A central problem is the relation between systems which appear macroscopically dissipative but are microscopically lossless. We show that a linear system is dissipative if, and only if, it can be approximated by a linear lossless system over arbitrarily long time intervals. Hence lossless systems are in this sense dense in dissipative systems. A linear active system can be approximated by a nonlinear lossless system that is charged with initial energy. As a by-product, we obtain mechanisms explaining the Onsager relations from time-reversible lossless approximations, and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem from uncertainty in the initial state of the lossless system. The results are applied to measurement devices and are used to quantify limits on the so-called observer effect, also called back action, which is the impact the measurement device has on the observed system. In particular, it is shown that deterministic back action can be compensated by using active elements, whereas stochastic back action is unavoidable and depends on the temperature of the measurement device.
The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is a central result in statistical physics, both for classical and quantum systems. It establishes a relationship between the linear response of a system under a time-dependent perturbation and time correlations of certain observables in equilibrium. Here we derive a generalization of the theorem which can be applied to any Markov quantum system and makes use of the symmetric logarithmic derivative (SLD). There are several important benefits from our approach. First, such a formulation clarifies the relation between classical and quantum versions of the equilibrium FDT. Second, and more important, it facilitates the extension of the FDT to arbitrary quantum Markovian evolution, as given by quantum maps. Third, it clarifies the connection between the FDT and quantum metrology in systems with a non-equilibrium steady state.