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arXiv:cond-mat/0409682 · Physical Review A

Management of matter waves in optical lattices by means of the Feshbach resonance

Valeriy A. Brazhnyi, V. V. Konotop

Published Sep 22, 2005• 21 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The mean-field dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates loaded in an optical lattice, confined by a parabolic potential, and subjected to a change of scattering length by means of the Feshbach resonance is considered. The system is described by the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation with varying nonlinearity, which in a number of cases is reduced to one-dimensional (1D) perturbed nonlinear Schr\"odinger (NLS) equations, the particular form of which depends on the relation among the parameters of the problem. We analytically describe the adiabatic dynamics of periodic solutions of the respective NLS equations, provide a numerical study of 1D models confined by a parabolic trap, and carry out numerical simulations of the matter-wave dynamics within the framework of the radially symmetric 3D GP equation. Special attention is paid to processes of generation of trains of bright and dark matter solitons from initially periodic waves. The results of the 1D approximation are compared with direct numerical simulation of the original 3D GP eqation, showing remarkable coincidence for definite regions of parameters.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.72.033615

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The mean-field dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates loaded in an optical lattice, confined by a parabolic potential, and subjected to a change of scattering length by means of the Feshbach resonance is considered. The system is described by the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation with varying nonlinearity, which in a number of cases is reduced to one-dimensional (1D) perturbed nonlinear Schr"odinger (NLS) equations, the particular form of which depends on the relation among the parameters of the problem. We analytically describe the adiabatic dynamics of periodic solutions of the respective NLS equations, provide a numerical study of 1D models confined by a parabolic trap, and carry out numerical simulations of the matter-wave dynamics within the framework of the radially symmetric 3D GP equation. Special attention is paid to processes of generation of trains of bright and dark matter solitons from initially periodic waves. The results of the 1D approximation are compared with direct numerical simulation of the original 3D GP eqation, showing remarkable coincidence for definite regions of parameters.
Using the Feshbach resonance (FR) one can change a scattering length of two-body interactions and thus affect nonlinear dynamics of excitations in a Bose-Einstein condensate. The phenomenon is described by the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation with varying nonlinearity. In this work we discuss the effect of variation of the nonlinearity on excitations in a BEC placed in an optical lattice. More specifically, we describe reductions of a three-dimensional (3D) GP equation to a 1D perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation for different relations among parameters; discuss periodic solutions of the NLS equation; carry out numerical study of the dynamics of the NLS equation with a periodic and parabolic trap potentials. Special attention is paid to the process of generation of trains of bright and dark matter solitons from initially periodic waves.
The dynamics of a bright matter wave soliton in a quasi one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) with a periodically rapidly varying time trap is considered. The governing equation is based on averaging the fast modulations of the Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) equation. This equation has the form of a GP equation with an effective potential of a more complicated structure than an unperturbed trap. In the case of an inverted (expulsive) quadratic trap corresponding to an unstable GP equation, the effective potential can be stable. For the bounded space trap potential it is showed that bifurcation exists, i.e. the single-well potential bifurcates to the triple-well effective potential. The stabilization of a BEC cloud on-site state in the temporary modulated optical lattice is found. This phenomenon is analogous to the Kapitza stabilization of an inverted pendulum. The analytical predictions of the averaged GP equation are confirmed by numerical simulations of the full GP equation with rapid perturbations.
We consider several effects of the matter wave dynamics which can be observed in Bose–Einstein condensates embedded into optical lattices. For low-density condensates, we derive approximate evolution equations, the form of which depends on relation among the main spatial scales of the system. Reduction of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation to a lattice model (the tight-binding approximation) is also presented. Within the framework of the obtained models, we consider modulational instability of the condensate, solitary and periodic matter waves, paying special attention to different limits of the solutions, i.e. to smooth movable gap solitons and to strongly localized discrete modes. We also discuss how the Feshbach resonance, a linear force and lattice defects affect the nonlinear matter waves.
Dynamics and stability of solitons in two-dimensional (2D) Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC), with one-dimensional (1D) conservative plus dissipative nonlinear optical lattices, are investigated. In the case of focusing media (with attractive atomic systems), the collapse of the wave packet is arrested by the dissipative periodic nonlinearity. The adiabatic variation of the background scattering length leads to metastable matter-wave solitons. When the atom feeding mechanism is used, a dissipative soliton can exist in focusing 2D media with 1D periodic nonlinearity. In the defocusing media (repulsive BEC case) with harmonic trap in one direction and nonlinear optical lattice in the other direction, the stable soliton can exist. Variational approach simulations are confirmed by full numerical results for the 2D Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
In this paper, we consider a Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation with a time-dependent nonlinearity and a spatiotemporal complex linear term which describes the dynamics of matter-wave solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) with time-dependent interatomic interactions in a parabolic potential in the presence of feeding or loss of atoms. We establish the integrability conditions under which analytical solutions describing the modulational instability and the propagation of both bright and dark solitary waves on a continuous wave background are obtained. The obtained integrability conditions also appear as the conditions under which the solitary waves of the BECs can be managed by controlling the functional gain or loss parameter. For specific BECs, the dynamics of bright and dark solitons are investigated analytically through the found exact solutions of the GP equation. Our results show that under the integrability conditions, the gain or loss parameter of the GP equation can be used to manage the motion of both bright and dark solitons. We show that for BECs with loss (gain) of atoms, the bright and dark solitons during their propagation have a compression (broadening) in their width. Furthermore, under a safe range of parameters and under the integrability conditions, it is possible to squeeze a bright soliton of BECs with loss of atoms into the assumed peak matter density, which can provide an experimental tool for investigating the range of validity of the 1D GP equation. Our results also reveal that under the conditions of the solitary wave management, neither the injection or the ejection of atoms from the condensate affects the soliton peak during its propagation.
We consider the three-dimensional (3D) mean-field model for the Bose–Einstein condensate, with a one-dimensional (1D) nonlinear lattice (NL), which periodically changes the sign of the nonlinearity along the axial direction, and the harmonic-oscillator trapping potential applied in the transverse plane. The lattice can be created as an optical or magnetic one, by means of available experimental techniques. The objective is to identify stable 3D solitons supported by the setting. Two methods are developed for this purpose: the variational approximation, formulated in the framework of the 3D Gross–Pitaevskii equation, and the 1D nonpolynomial Schrödinger equation (NPSE) in the axial direction, which allows one to predict the collapse in the framework of the 1D description. Results are summarized in the form of a stability region for the solitons in the plane of the NL strength and wavenumber. Both methods produce a similar form of the stability region. Unlike their counterparts supported by the NL in the 1D model with the cubic nonlinearity, kicked solitons of the NPSE cannot be set in motion, but the kick may help to stabilize them against the collapse, by causing the solitons to shed the excess norm. A dynamical effect specific to the NL is found in the form of freely propagating small-amplitude wave packets emitted by perturbed solitons.