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arXiv:cond-mat/0407095 · Physical Review A

Bose-Einstein droplet in free space

Hiroki Saito, Masahito Ueda

Published Nov 15, 2004• 30 citations
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Abstract

A ``gaseous droplet''---a stable gas that coheres by itself in free space---is shown to be produced with a Bose-Einstein condensate. Collapse and expansion of the droplet are suppressed by rapid oscillations of the interatomic interaction between attractive and repulsive through, e.g., the Feshbach resonance. Energy dissipation, which is present in realistic situations, is found to play a crucial role in suppressing dynamical instabilities that destabilize the droplet.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.70.053610

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A ``gaseous droplet''---a stable gas that coheres by itself in free space---is shown to be produced with a Bose-Einstein condensate. Collapse and expansion of the droplet are suppressed by rapid oscillations of the interatomic interaction between attractive and repulsive through, e.g., the Feshbach resonance. Energy dissipation, which is present in realistic situations, is found to play a crucial role in suppressing dynamical instabilities that destabilize the droplet.
The point of instability of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) due to attractive interactions was studied. Stable 85Rb BECs were created and then caused to collapse by slowly changing the atom-atom interaction from repulsive to attractive using a Feshbach resonance. At a critical value, an abrupt transition was observed in which atoms were ejected from the condensate. By measuring the onset of this transition as a function of number and attractive interaction strength, we determined the stability condition to be N(absolute value of a) / a(ho) = 0.459+/-0.012+/-0.054, slightly lower than the predicted value of 0.574.
Summary form only given. Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of trapped atomic vapor has been realized in several atomic species. The static and dynamical properties of BEC crucially depend on the sign of the interatomic interaction. When the interaction is attractive, BEC in a spatially uniform 3D system is unstable to collapse into a denser phase. In a spatially confined system, however, the zero-point energy serves as a kinetic obstacle against collapse, allowing metastable BEC to be formed if the number of BEC atoms is below a certain critical number. Above the critical number of atoms, BEC collapses. The BEC with attractive interactions, therefore, has been restricted to a small number of atoms (/spl sim/1000) and the number has not been controllable.
Quantum droplets have recently emerged as a novel liquid state of matter in a mixture of two-component ultracold Bose gases under the equilibrium condition between the competing attractive inter- and repulsive intraspecies forces. Quantum droplets represent a self-bound liquid state in purely nonlinear systems and as such there is not any management applied to their study up to now. We here introduce the nonlinear management via space-periodic Feshbach resonance technique to a binary Bose–Einstein condensate and investigate theoretically the structure, property and dynamics of the one-dimensional quantum droplets therein, three findings are made: small droplets with single hump (solitonlike), moderate droplets composed of two solitons, large droplets feature a modulated flat-top shape. Particularly, by means of linear-stability and direct perturbed simulations, we prove that the droplets have a much wider stable region than their counterparts without taking the nonlinear management. The variational approximation is adopted and validated with numerical results in terms of small droplets. The results predicted here may be realized in the frontier ultracold atoms experiments aided by Feshbach-resonance, opening up a new channel to the quantum droplets studies.