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arXiv:cond-mat/0405522 · Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Luttinger-liquid phenomenology and angle-resolved photoemission for single-layer Bi 2 Sr 2 − x La x CuO 6 + δ high-temperature superconductor

Krzysztof Byczuk, C. Janowitz, R. Manzke, Józef Spałek, W. Wójcik

Published Sep 1, 2004• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Recently observed splitting in angular-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) on Bi 2 Sr 2 − x La x CuO 6 + δ high-temperature superconductor (Janowitz C. et al. , Europhys. Lett. 60 (2002) 615) is interpreted within the phenomenological Luttinger-liquid framework, in which both the non-Fermi-liquid scaling exponent of the spectral function and the spin-charge separation are introduced. The anomalous Green function with adjustable parameters fits very well to the Fermi edge and to the low-energy part of ARPES along the Γ- M line in the Brillouin zone. In contrast to one-dimensional models with Luttinger-liquid behavior, we find that both the anomalous scaling α and the parameter δ describing the spin-charge separation are momentum dependent. The higher-energy part of the spectra is not accounted for by this simple Luttinger-liquid form of the Green function. In this energy regime, additional scattering processes are plausible to produce the experimentally observed wide incoherent background, which diminishes as the inverse of the energy.

DOI
10.1209/epl/i2004-10158-9

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Recently observed splitting in angular-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) on Bi 2 Sr 2 − x La x CuO 6 + δ high-temperature superconductor (Janowitz C. et al. , Europhys. Lett. 60 (2002) 615) is interpreted within the phenomenological Luttinger-liquid framework, in which both the non-Fermi-liquid scaling exponent of the spectral function and the spin-charge separation are introduced. The anomalous Green function with adjustable parameters fits very well to the Fermi edge and to the low-energy part of ARPES along the Γ- M line in the Brillouin zone. In contrast to one-dimensional models with Luttinger-liquid behavior, we find that both the anomalous scaling α and the parameter δ describing the spin-charge separation are momentum dependent. The higher-energy part of the spectra is not accounted for by this simple Luttinger-liquid form of the Green function. In this energy regime, additional scattering processes are plausible to produce the experimentally observed wide incoherent background, which diminishes as the inverse of the energy.
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SrCuO 2 has long been considered a near-archetypal realization of a quasi-one-dimensional (1D) system of interacting electrons with short-range interactions. Within this framework, experimental observations — interpreted through the lens of the 1D Hubbard model — suggest that electron and hole excitations decay into two types of (unphysical) collective bosonic modes: “spinons”, which carry the spin degree of freedom, and “holons, which carry the charge degree of freedom. This model, known as spin-charge separation, is most directly evidenced by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), where a photo-induced hole decays into a continuum of these excitations. Here we present an alternative perspective grounded in first-principles, self-consistent, and parameter-free many-body perturbation theory. In this revised quasiparticle framework, ARPES can be understood as a one-body effect arising from mild disorder in a long-range antiferromagnetic ground state. the emergence of the so-called spinon branch arises naturally from spin disorder, the anomalous linewidths are accurately captured, and we provide a compelling explanation for the spectral weight observed at the non-magnetic zone boundary. This reinterpretation provides a unified explanation for key experimental signatures previously attributed to spin-charge separation, including features observed in optical conductivity. Additionally, we show that SrCuO 2 exhibits a nontrivial interchain coupling that significantly influences both its one-particle and two-particle spectral functions. By comparing the spectral features of SrCuO 2 with those of La 2 CuO 4 , we argue that SrCuO 2 shares notable similarities with the two-dimensional cuprates—both being rooted in a common CuO 4 plaquette-based molecular orbital framework.
We compute the finite-temperature single-particle spectral function of a one-dimensional Luttinger liquid coupled to an optical phonon band. The calculation is performed exactly for the case in which electron-phonon coupling is purely forward scattering. We extend the results to include backward scattering with a renormalization group treatment. The dispersion contains a change in velocity at the phonon energy, qualitatively similar to the case of electron-phonon coupling in a Fermi liquid. If the backward scattering part of the the electron-phonon interaction is not too strong compared to the forward scattering part, coupling to phonons also produces a pronounced peak in the spectral function at low energies. The calculated spectral function is remarkably similar to the angle-resolved photoemission spectra of the high-temperature superconductors, including the apparent presence of ``nodal quasiparticles,'' the presence of a ``kink'' in the dispersion, and the non-Fermi-liquid frequency and temperature dependencies. Although a microscopic justification has not been established for treating the electronic dynamics of the cuprates as quasi-one-dimensional, at the very least we take the quality of the comparison as evidence of the non-Fermi-liquid character of the measured spectra.
In many cases the standard perturbation approach appears to be too simple to describe precisely the angle-resolved photoemission spectrum of a strongly correlated electron system. In particular, to describe the momentum asymmetry observed in the photoemission spectra of high-Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ cuprates, a phenomenological approach based on an extremely correlated Fermi-liquid model has been recently introduced. Here we analyze the general structure of the Green's function of quasiparticles in strongly correlated electron systems and stress that it is defined not only by the self-energy of Hubbard quasiparticles but also by a strength operator. The latter leads to an additional odd momentum contribution to the spectral function and alone can explain the observed asymmetry. So, the asymmetry of the angle-resolved photoemission spectra can be a measure of the strength of electron correlations in materials.
One of the central issues in the study of high-temperature superconducting cuprates which are composed of two-dimensional (2D) CuO 2 planes is whether the 2D systems with strong electron correlation behave as a Fermi liquid or a non-Fermi-liquid-like one-dimensional (1D) system with electron correlation. In this article, we start with the detailed examination of the electronic structure in cuprates and study theoretically the spin and charge dynamics in 1D and 2D cuprates. The theoretical background of spin-charge separation in the 1D model systems including the Hubbard and t - J models is presented. The first direct observation of collective modes of spin and charge excitations in a 1D cuprate, which are called spinons and holons respectively, in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments is reviewed in the light of the theoretical results based on the numerically exact-diagonalization method. The charge and spin dynamics in 1D insulating cuprates is also discussed in connection with the spin-charge separation. The arguments are extended to the 2D cuprates, and the unique aspects of the electronic properties of high-temperature superconductors are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the d-wave-like excitations in insulating 2D cuprates observed in ARPES experiments. We explain how the excitations are caused by the spin-charge separation. The charge stripes observed in the underdoped cuprates are examined in connection with spin-charge separation in real space.
Motivated by recent scanning tunneling and photoemission spectroscopy measurements on self-organized gold chains on a germanium surface, we reinvestigate the local single-particle spectral properties of Luttinger liquids. In the first part we use the bosonization approach to exactly compute the local spectral function of a simplified field theoretical low-energy model and take a closer look at scaling properties as a function of the ratio of energy and temperature. Translational-invariant Luttinger liquids as well as those with an open boundary (cut chain geometry) are considered. We explicitly show that the scaling functions of both set-ups have the same analytical form. The scaling behavior suggests a variety of consistency checks which can be performed on measured data to experimentally verify Luttinger liquid behavior. In the second part we approximately compute the local spectral function of a microscopic lattice model-the extended Hubbard model-close to an open boundary using the functional renormalization group. We show that it follows the field theoretical prediction in the low-energy regime as a function of energy and temperature, and point out the importance of nonuniversal energy scales inherent to any microscopic model. The spatial dependence of this spectral function is characterized by oscillatory behavior and an envelope function which follows a power law in accordance with the field theoretical continuum model. Interestingly, for the lattice model we find a phase shift which is proportional to the two-particle interaction and not accounted for in the standard bosonization approach to Luttinger liquids with an open boundary. We briefly comment on the effects of several one-dimensional branches cutting the Fermi energy and Rashba spin-orbit interaction.