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arXiv:cond-mat/0405146 · Physical Review Letters

Comment on “Collective Excitations of a Degenerate Gas at the BEC-BCS Crossover”

R. Combescot, X. Leyronas

Published Sep 20, 2004• 34 citations
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Abstract

Very recent experiments have studied for the first time collective excitations of an ultracold $^6$Li gas covering in particular the BEC-BCS crossover domain. We point out that the results for the axial mode, through hydrodynamics, give direct access to the (3D) equation of state of the strongly interacting gas, mostly near the unitarity limit. On the other hand the surprising results found for the radial mode are actually not necessarily in contradiction with the expectations from superfluid hydrodynamics.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.93.138901

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We study collective excitation modes of a fermionic gas of (6)Li atoms in the BEC-BCS crossover regime. While measurements of the axial compression mode in the cigar-shaped trap close to a Feshbach resonance confirm theoretical expectations, the radial compression mode shows surprising features. In the strongly interacting molecular BEC regime, we observe a negative frequency shift with increasing coupling strength. In the regime of a strongly interacting Fermi gas, an abrupt change in the collective excitation frequency occurs, which may be a signature for a transition from a superfluid to a collisionless phase.
We report on measurements of an elementary surface mode in an ultracold, strongly interacting Fermi gas of 6Li^{6}\mathrm{Li}6Li atoms. The radial quadrupole mode allows us to probe hydrodynamic behavior in the crossover from Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) to the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) regime without being influenced by changes in the equation of state. We examine the frequency and damping of this mode, along with its expansion dynamics. In the unitarity limit and on the BEC side of the resonance, the observed frequencies agree with standard hydrodynamic theory. However, on the BCS side of the crossover, a striking downshift of the oscillation frequency is observed in the hydrodynamic regime as a precursor to an abrupt transition to collisionless behavior; this indicates coupling of the oscillation to fermionic pairs.
We show that, with reasonable hypotheses leading to a simple modeling, a link can be obtained from experiments on the axial low-frequency collective modes between the ratio a M / a , of the molecular scattering length a M to the atomic scattering length, and the energy parameter ξ ≡ 1 + β of the gas at the unitarity limit. We also point out that, in order to reach the range where the features of the Bose limit can be clearly seen, experiments have to go to more dilute situations than have been achieved presently.
PACS. 03.75.Hh – Static properties of condensates; thermodynamical, statistical and structural properties. PACS. 03.75.Ss – Degenerate Fermi gases. PACS. 05.30.Fk – Fermion systems and electron gas. Abstract. – We present a theory for a superfluid Fermi gas near the BCS-BEC crossover, including pairing fluctuation contributions to the free energy similar to that considered by Nozières and Schmitt-Rink for the normal phase. In the strong coupling limit, our theory is able to recover the Bogoliubov theory of a weakly interacting Bose gas with a molecular scattering length very close to the known exact result. We compare our results with recent Quantum Monte Carlo simulations both for the ground state and at finite temperature. Excellent agreement is found for all interaction strengths where simulation results are available. The recent experimental realization of strongly interacting Fermi gases of 6 Li and 40 K atoms near a Feshbach resonance has opened up the exciting possibility of investigating the crossover from a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) [1–5]. In these systems, the inter-atomic interaction strength can be varied by tuning
Strong evidence for pairing and superfluidity has recently been found in atomic Fermi gases at the BCS–BEC crossover both in collective modes and radio frequency (RF) excitation energies. It is argued that the scale for the effective pairing gaps measured in RF experiments is set by the lowest quasiparticle in-gap excitation energies. These are calculated at the BCS–BEC crossover from semiclassical solutions to the Bogoliubov–deGennes equations. The strong damping of the radial breathing mode observed in the BCS limit occurs when the lowest quasiparticle excitation energies coincide with the radial frequency, which indicates that a coupling between them takes place.