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arXiv:cond-mat/0403041 · Physical Review Letters

Collective Modes of Trapped Gases at the BEC-BCS Crossover

H. Heiselberg

Published Jul 23, 2004• 153 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The collective mode frequencies in isotropic and deformed traps are calculated for general polytropic equation of states, P proportional n(gamma+1), and expressed in terms of gamma and the trap geometry. For molecular and standard Bose-Einstein condensates and Fermi gases near Feshbach resonances, the effective power gamma approximately 0.5-1.3 is calculated from Jastrow type wave-function ansatz, and from the crossover model of Leggett. The resulting mode frequencies are calculated for these phases around the BEC-BCS crossover.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.93.040402

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The collective mode frequencies in isotropic and deformed traps are calculated for general polytropic equation of states, P proportional n(gamma+1), and expressed in terms of gamma and the trap geometry. For molecular and standard Bose-Einstein condensates and Fermi gases near Feshbach resonances, the effective power gamma approximately 0.5-1.3 is calculated from Jastrow type wave-function ansatz, and from the crossover model of Leggett. The resulting mode frequencies are calculated for these phases around the BEC-BCS crossover.
A perturbation method is developed for calculating the oscillating frequencies of collective modes of trapped superfluid Fermi gases from Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Based on the complete and orthogonal eigenfunction set obtained recently and a series expansion of the equation of state beyond the mean-field approximation, the corrections of eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions of all collective modes are given systematically, which are valid for various superfluid regimes in the BCS-BEC crossover beyond the mean-field approximation. Expressions of frequency correction of the collective modes for both spherical and axial symmetric traps excited near the BCS, BEC, and unitarity limits are provided explicitly, and their dependence on interatomic interaction strength and anisotropic trapping parameter is also discussed in detail.
We study the Bogoliubov collective excitations of harmonically trapped superfluid Fermi gases in the crossover from Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) beyond Thomas-Fermi (TF) limit. Starting from a generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation and an equation of state valid for the whole crossover, we derive Bogoliubov--de Gennes (BdG) equations for low-lying collective modes at zero temperature. We use a Fetter-like variational ground state wave function to remove the noncontinuity of slope at the boundary of condensate, which appears in the TF limit. We solve the BdG equations analytically and obtain explicit expressions for all eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, valid for various crossover regimes and for traps with spherical and axial symmetries. We discuss the feature of these collective excitations in the BCS-BEC crossover and show that the theoretical result obtained agrees with available experimental data near and beyond the TF limit.
We investigate collective modes and free expansions of quasi-one- and quasi-two-dimensional (Q1D and Q2D) ultracold Fermi gases in the crossover from a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). We solve a superfluid order parameter equation valid for the BCS-BEC crossover by employing a time-dependent variational method. We take a trial wave function of hybrid Gaussian-parabolic type, which not only reflects the low-dimensional character of the system but also allows an essentially analytical approach for the problem. We present Q1D and Q2D criteria that are valid in various superfluid regimes and show clearly the relation between the maximum condensed particle number and the parameters of the trapping potential as well as the atom-atom interaction. We demonstrate that, due to the small particle number in Q1D and Q2D condensates, the contribution to oscillating frequencies of collective modes by the quantum pressure in the strong-confinement direction is significant and hence the Thomas-Fermi approximation cannot be used. We also show that the free expansion of Q1D and Q2D superfluid Fermi gases in the strong-confinement direction is much faster than that in the weak-confinement direction.
Abstract In this work, we present a theoretical study for the collective oscillation modes, i.e. quadrupole, radial and axial mode, of a mixture of Bose and Fermi superfluids in the crossover from a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to a molecular Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in harmonic trapping potentials with cylindrical symmetry of experimental interest. To this end, we start from the coupled superfluid hydrodynamic equations for the dynamics of Bose–Fermi superfluid mixtures and use the scaling theory that has been developed for a coupled system. The collective oscillation modes of Bose–Fermi superfluid mixtures are found to crucially depend on the overlap integrals of the spatial derivations of density profiles of the Bose and Fermi superfluids at equilibrium. We not only present the explicit expressions for the overlap density integrals, as well as the frequencies of the collective modes provided that the effective Bose–Fermi coupling is weak, but also test the valid regimes of the analytical approximations by numerical calculations in realistic experimental conditions. In the presence of a repulsive Bose–Fermi interaction, we find that the frequencies of the three collective modes of the Bose and Fermi superfluids are all upshifted, and the change speeds of the frequency shifts in the BCS–BEC crossover can characterize the different groundstate phases of the Bose–Fermi superfluid mixtures for different trap geometries.
We show that the study of the collective oscillations in a harmonic trap provides a very sensitive test of the equation of state of a Fermi gas near a Feshbach resonance. Using a scaling approach, whose high accuracy is proven by comparison with exact hydrodynamic solutions, the frequencies of the lowest compressional modes are calculated at T=0 in terms of a dimensionless parameter characterizing the equation of state. The predictions for the collective frequencies, obtained from the equations of state of mean-field BCS theory and of recent Monte Carlo calculations, are discussed in detail.
We investigate the collective oscillations in the BCS-BEC crossover region of a trapped Fermi superfluid at T=0. We explicitly include the effect of a Feshbach resonance, which leads to a tunable pairing interaction adjusted by the threshold energy of the resonance, as well as the associated mol ecules. In a previous paper,we obtained solutions of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes coupled equations, describing a trapped Fermi superfluid ga s. Using these Bogoliubov quasi-particle excitations, we calculate the density correlation function in the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov generalized random phase approximation (HFB-GRPA). Previous discussions of collective modes were based on solving the T=0 equation of motion for the superfluid in a trap, ignoring the effect of single-particle excitations. We determine the frequencies of the quadrupole and the monopole modes. In the crossover region, the frequencies of these two modes are shown to be stro ngly depressed by the threshold energy of the two-particle continuum, originating from Andreev single-particle bound states (or in-gap states) localized at the edge of the trap. This effect becomes less important as one enters the BEC regime, due to the absence of these low energy fermion bound states. This suppression of collective mode frequencies by the two-particle continuum may be a useful experimental signature of the single-particle energy gap in the crossover region of trapped Fermi superfluids.