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arXiv:cond-mat/0402602 · Physical Review B

Fulfillment of Ward identities in the functional renormalization group approach

A. A. Katanin

Published Sep 23, 2004• 165 citations
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Abstract

We consider the fulfillment of conservation laws and Ward identities in the one- and two-loop functional renormalization group approach. It is shown that in a one-particle irreducible scheme of this approach Ward identities are fulfilled only with the accuracy of the neglected two-loop terms $O({V}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{3})$ at one-loop order, and with the accuracy $O({V}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{4})$ at two-loop order (${V}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ is the effective interaction vertex at scale $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$). The one-particle self-consistent version of the two-loop renormalization group equations which leads to smaller errors in Ward identities due to the absence of the terms with nonoverlapping loops, is proposed. In particular, these modified equations exactly satisfy Ward identities in the ladder approximation.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.70.115109

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We consider the fulfillment of conservation laws and Ward identities in the one- and two-loop functional renormalization group approach. It is shown that in a one-particle irreducible scheme of this approach Ward identities are fulfilled only with the accuracy of the neglected two-loop terms O(V\ensuremathΛ3)O({V}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{3})O(V\ensuremathΛ3​) at one-loop order, and with the accuracy O(V\ensuremathΛ4)O({V}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{4})O(V\ensuremathΛ4​) at two-loop order (V\ensuremathΛ{V}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}V\ensuremathΛ​ is the effective interaction vertex at scale \ensuremathΛ\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremathΛ). The one-particle self-consistent version of the two-loop renormalization group equations which leads to smaller errors in Ward identities due to the absence of the terms with nonoverlapping loops, is proposed. In particular, these modified equations exactly satisfy Ward identities in the ladder approximation.
We investigate several fundamental characteristics of the multiloop functional renormalization group (mfRG) flow by hands of its application to a prototypical many-electron system: the Anderson impurity model (AIM). We first analyze the convergence of the algorithm in the different parameter regions of the AIM. As no additional approximation is made, the multiloop series for the local self-energy and response functions converge perfectly to the corresponding results of the parquet approximation (PA) in the weak- to intermediate-coupling regime. Small oscillations of the mfRG solution as a function of the loop order gradually increase with the interaction, hindering a full convergence to the PA in the strong-coupling regime, where perturbative resummation schemes are no longer reliable. By exploiting the converged results, we inspect the fulfillment of (i) sum rules associated to the Pauli principle and (ii) Ward identities related to conservation laws. For the Pauli principle, we observe a systematic improvement by increasing the loop order and including the multiloop corrections to the self-energy. This is consistent with the preservation of crossing symmetries and two-particle self-consistency in the PA. For the Ward identities, we numerically confirm a visible improvement by means of the Katanin substitution. At weak coupling, violations of the Ward identity are further reduced by increasing the loop order in mfRG. In this regime, we also determine the precise scaling of the deviations of the Ward identity as a function of the electronic interaction. For larger interaction values, the overall behavior becomes more complex, and the benefits of the higher-loop terms are mostly present in the contributions at large frequencies.
We study the renormalization group flow of the Luttinger-Ward functional and of its two-particle-irreducible vertex functions, given a cutoff in the two-particle interaction. We derive a conserving approximation to the flow and relate it to the fluctuation exchange approximation as well as to nonconserving approximations introduced in an earlier publication [J. F. Rentrop, S. G. Jakobs, and V. Meden, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 48, 145002 (2015)]. We apply the different approximate flow equations to the single-impurity Anderson model in thermal equilibrium at vanishing temperature. Numerical results for the effective mass, the spin susceptibility, the charge susceptibility, and the linear conductance reflect the similarity of the methods to the fluctuation exchange approximation. We find the majority of the approximations to deviate stronger from the exact results than one-particle-irreducible functional renormalization group schemes. However, we identify a simple static two-particle-irreducible flow scheme which performs remarkably well and produces an exponential Kondo-like scale in the renormalized level position.
We analyse two-particle renormalizations within the many-fermion perturbation expansion. We show that present diagrammatic theories suffer from a lack of direct diagrammatic control over the physical two-particle functions. To rectify this, we introduce and prove a Ward identity enabling an explicit construction of the self-energy from a given two-particle irreducible vertex. Approximations constructed in this way are causal, obey conservation laws, and offer explicit diagrammatic control of singularities in dynamical two-particle functions.
I review the way the many-body Green functions are used to renormalize the perturbation theory of correlated fermions. The Green functions are introduced to implement systematically dynamical corrections to the static mean-field theory. The renormalizations enter the perturbation theory via self-consistent evaluations of one-particle and two-particle Green functions. The one-particle self-consistency is discussed within the Baym-Kadanoff construction. We point to an inherent dichotomy of the Baym-Kadanoff approach in the relation between one and two-particle Green functions. They are the Schwinger-Dyson equation, directly derived from the generating Luttinger-Ward functional, and the Ward identity. The latter imposes a severe restriction on the two-particle irreducible vertex and is not guaranteed in the Baym-Kadanoff approach. No approximate theory is capable to obey both relations. I further discuss the two-particle approach with two-particle renormalizations that offers a way to reconcile the Schwinger-Dyson equation and the Ward identity. The two-particle irreducible vertex from the critical Bethe-Salpeter equation becomes a generating functional in the two-particle renormalization of the perturbation theory. The irreducible vertex is used in the Ward identity to determine the order parameter beyond the critical point and in the Bethe-Salpeter equation representing the vertex of the Schwinger-Dyson equation to determine the spectral self-energy in such a way that the thermodynamic critical behavior from both equations is qualitatively the same. Finally, I discuss a static mean-field-like approximation with a renormalized effective interaction determined self-consistently that leads to a qualitatively correct description of strong electron correlations in impurity and lattice models.
This thesis comprises two parts centered around the functional renormalization-group framework: in the first part, I study the role of symmetries and conservation laws in approximate solutions, while in the second part I analyze Friedel oscillations and transport in Luttinger liquids with impurities. The functional renormalization group (fRG) has been developed as a new computational tool in the theory of interacting Fermi systems. The effective behavior of a given microscopic model is calculated by solving coupled differential flow equations for the Green functions with an energy scale as the flow parameter. The symmetries of the microscopic model imply Ward identities between Green and response functions. It is shown that solutions of truncated flow-equation hierarchies satisfy Ward identities if the cutoff bare action is gauge invariant. However, truncations are generally not self-consistent approximations in the sense of Baym and Kadanoff. The fRG is then applied to study Luttinger liquids. By computing the full spatial effective potential of a single impurity, long-range Friedel oscillations are observed in the density profile with the expected power laws for systems with up to 10^7 lattice sites. For a double barrier enclosing a dot region we find temperature regimes in which the conductance follows power laws with universal exponents, as well as non-universal crossover regimes in intermediate parameter regions.
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