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arXiv:cond-mat/0311615 · Physical Review B

Shot-noise spectrum of superradiant entangled excitons

Y. N. Chen, Tobias Brandes, Che‐Ming Li, Der-San Chuu

Published Jun 28, 2004• 18 citations
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Abstract

The shot noise produced by tunneling of electrons and holes into a double dot system incorporated inside a $p\penalty1000-\hskip0pti\penalty1000-\hskip0ptn$ junction is investigated theoretically. The enhancement of the shot noise is shown to originate from the entangled electron-hole pair created by superradiance. The analogy to the superconducting Cooper pair box is pointed out. A series of Zeno-like measurements is shown to destroy the entanglement, except for the case of maximum entanglement.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.69.245323

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The shot noise produced by tunneling of electrons and holes into a double dot system incorporated inside a p\penalty1000−i\penalty1000−np\penalty1000-\hskip0pti\penalty1000-\hskip0ptnp\penalty1000−i\penalty1000−n junction is investigated theoretically. The enhancement of the shot noise is shown to originate from the entangled electron-hole pair created by superradiance. The analogy to the superconducting Cooper pair box is pointed out. A series of Zeno-like measurements is shown to destroy the entanglement, except for the case of maximum entanglement.
We demonstrate theoretically that the shot noise produced by a tunnel barrier in a two-channel conductor violates a Bell inequality. The nonlocality is shown to originate from entangled electron-hole pairs created by tunneling events-without requiring electron-electron interactions. The degree of entanglement (concurrence) equals 2(T1T2)(1/2)(T1+T2)(-1), with T1,T2<<1 the transmission eigenvalues. A pair of edge channels in the quantum Hall effect is proposed as an experimental realization.
Entanglement acts as a fundamental resource for many applications in quantum communication. We propose and theoretically analyze methods for preparing and detecting entanglement between the spins of electrons in a mesoscopic environment. The entanglement production mechanism which we present is based on two quantum dots coupled to a superconductor from which paired electrons are injected via Andreev tunneling. The spin-correlated electrons can then hop from the quantum dots into normal leads. For detection we propose to measure the shot noise which is produced by the entangled electrons after they have passed a beam splitter. The enhancement of the noise by a factor of two turns out to be a unique signature for the spin singlet, a maximally entangled state. In a different setting, the entangled ground state in two tunnel-coupled quantum dots is detected via the Aharonov–Bohm oscillations in the co-tunneling current.
We report experimental research into the possibility of using shot noise mea-surements to detect the entangled states of electron spins. The study is part of the effort towards the demonstration of the use of electron spins as quantum bits (qubits) for quantum computing and quantum information processing. Electrons are electrically injected into two neighboring quantum dots and interact with each other through the exchange coupling, after which they tunnel out of the dots and are incident on a beam splitter, which introduces quantum interference between electron states. Depending on the state of the electrons exiting the dots, the outgoing states of electrons scattering off the beam splitter are different, corresponding to different shot noise in the electrical currents flowing into the channels after the beam splitter. Our experimental data is consistent with most theoretical predictions and provides initial evidence of electron spin entanglement. A comprehensive study of the shot noise in mesoscopic semiconductor tunnel barriers is also reported. Besides the theoretically predicted full shot noise, sup-pressed and enhanced shot noise are also observed. Normal conductance measure-ments and numerical simulations are done to understand the shot noise deviation. Our study shows that shot noise in mesoscopic systems is extremely sensitive to the microscopic details, such as potential disorder and impurity configuration.
Mesoscopic shot noise is not only probabilistic: it has features which reflect quantum mechanical entanglement. We discuss recent proposals of orbital entanglement generation and detection in mesoscopic coherent conductors. Orbital entanglement avoids the difficulty of detecting spin and leads to simpler structures. Orbital entanglement schemes invoke two two-particle sources. The index of the source plays the role of a pseudo-spin. The rotation of qubits can be implemented with beam-splitters or even just quantum point contacts. Entanglement is detected via violation of a Bell inequality. The necessary correlations can be extracted from shot noise measurements. Possible two particle sources are Cooper pairs emitted from superconductors or even simpler electron-hole pairs generated at tunnel contacts or generated dynamically with the help of oscillating potentials.
The theory of charge partition noise of quasiparticles in a superconducting tunnel junction is developed. The charge fluctuations are shown to have a significant contribution from partition noise that arises from the quantum superposition of the electron and hole character of the quasiparticles. These fluctuations are dominant at small bias voltage. The charge fluctuations are compared to the usual Poisson ``shot noise'' of the current. The implications for the design of energy-resolving single-photon detectors are explored.