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arXiv:cond-mat/0310719 · Physical Review Letters

Entanglement Interferometry for Precision Measurement of Atomic Scattering Properties

Artur Widera, Olaf Mandel, Markus Greiner, S. Kreim, Theodor W. Hänsch, Immanuel Bloch

Published Apr 23, 2004• 133 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report on a matter wave interferometer realized with entangled pairs of trapped 87Rb atoms. Each pair of atoms is confined at a single site of an optical lattice potential. The interferometer is realized by first creating a coherent spin superposition of the two atoms and then tuning the interstate scattering length via a Feshbach resonance. The selective change of the interstate scattering length leads to an entanglement dynamics of the two-particle state that can be detected in a Ramsey interference experiment. This entanglement dynamics is employed for a precision measurement of atomic interaction parameters. Furthermore, the interferometer allows us to separate lattice sites with one or two atoms in a nondestructive way.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.92.160406

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We report on a matter wave interferometer realized with entangled pairs of trapped 87Rb atoms. Each pair of atoms is confined at a single site of an optical lattice potential. The interferometer is realized by first creating a coherent spin superposition of the two atoms and then tuning the interstate scattering length via a Feshbach resonance. The selective change of the interstate scattering length leads to an entanglement dynamics of the two-particle state that can be detected in a Ramsey interference experiment. This entanglement dynamics is employed for a precision measurement of atomic interaction parameters. Furthermore, the interferometer allows us to separate lattice sites with one or two atoms in a nondestructive way.
The controlled creation of entanglement is one of the most challenging goals of modern quantum physics. Here we show how spin dependent optical lattice potentials together with controlled collisions between atoms in an optical lattice potential can be used to realize massively parallel operating quantum gates. In a second experiment, the generation of Bell states of atom pairs on single lattice sites is demonstrated by employing a newly found interstate Feshbach resonance in 87Rb. This Feshbach resonance has allowed us to efficiently modify the scattering length between two atoms in different spin states and is used to induce an entanglement dynamics in the system.
Atom interferometers provide a powerful tool for measuring physical constants and affirming fundamental physics with unprecedented precision. The sensitivity of atom interferometers is significantly enhanced by optical lattices and coherent atomic sources. However, their interplay gives rise to additional complexities and intriguing phenomena. Here, we report on realizing a Ramsey-Bord\'e interferometer of coherent matter waves modified by a moving optical lattice in a gravitational field, and explore a resulting multipath interference with tunable coherence. We investigate spatial correlations of atoms both within the lattice and between two arms by interferometry, and observed the emerging multiple interference peaks of the Bose-Einstein condensate with sublattice site resolution. Our findings agree well with simulations, paving the way for high-precision interferometry and exploring rich interferometer phenomena using ultracold atoms.
We demonstrate the operation of an atom interferometer based on a weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate. We strongly reduce the interaction induced decoherence that usually limits interferometers based on trapped condensates by tuning the s-wave scattering length almost to zero via a magnetic Feshbach resonance. We employ a 39K condensate trapped in an optical lattice, where Bloch oscillations are forced by gravity. The fine-tuning of the scattering length down to 0.1 a_(0) and the micrometric sizes of the atomic sample make our system a very promising candidate for measuring forces with high spatial resolution. Our technique can be in principle extended to other measurement schemes opening new possibilities in the field of trapped atom interferometry.
We present the first realization of a solitonic atom interferometer. A Bose-Einstein condensate of 1×10(4) atoms of rubidium-85 is loaded into a horizontal optical waveguide. Through the use of a Feshbach resonance, the s-wave scattering length of the 85Rb atoms is tuned to a small negative value. This attractive atomic interaction then balances the inherent matter-wave dispersion, creating a bright solitonic matter wave. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is constructed by driving Bragg transitions with the use of an optical lattice colinear with the waveguide. Matter-wave propagation and interferometric fringe visibility are compared across a range of s-wave scattering values including repulsive, attractive and noninteracting values. The solitonic matter wave is found to significantly increase fringe visibility even compared with a noninteracting cloud.
We propose a method to perform precision measurements of the interaction parameters in systems of NNN ultracold spin 1∕21∕21∕2 atoms. The spectroscopy is realized by first creating a coherent spin superposition of the two relevant internal states of each atom and then letting the atoms evolve under a squeezing Hamiltonian. The nonlinear nature of the Hamiltonian decreases the fundamental limit imposed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to ${N}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, a factor of NNN smaller than the fundamental limit achievable with noninteracting atoms. We study the effect of decoherence and show that, even with decoherence, entangled states can outperform the signal to noise limit of nonentangled states. We present two possible experimental implementations of the method using Bose-Einstein spinor condensates and fermionic atoms loaded in optical lattices and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
The possibility of using ultracold atoms to observe strong localization of matter waves is now the subject of a great interest, as undesirable decoherence and interactions can be made negligible in these systems. It was proposed that a static disordered potential can be realized by trapping atoms of a given species in randomly chosen sites of a deep 3D optical lattice with no multiple occupation. We analyze in detail the prospects of this scheme for observing localized states in 3D for a matter wave of a different atomic species that interacts with the trapped particles and that is sufficiently far detuned from the optical lattice to be insensitive to it. We demonstrate that at low energy a large number of 3D strongly localized states can be produced for the matter wave, if the effective scattering length describing the interaction of the matter wave with a trapped atom is of the order of the mean distance between the trapped particles. Such high values of the effective scattering length can be obtained by using a Feshbach resonance to adjust the free space inter-species scattering length and by taking advantage of confinement-induced resonances induced by the trapping of the scatterers in the lattice.