We have measured the intensity dependent rate and frequency shift of a photoassociation transition in a quantum degenerate gas of 7Li. The rate increases linearly with photoassociation laser intensity for low intensities, whereas saturation is observed at higher intensities. The measured rates and shifts agree reasonably well with theory within the estimated systematic uncertainties. Several theoretically predicted saturation mechanisms are discussed, but a theory in which saturation arises because of quantum mechanical unitarity agrees well with the data.We have measured the intensity dependent rate and frequency shift of a photoassociation transition in a quantum degenerate gas of 7Li. The rate increases linearly with photoassociation laser intensity for low intensities, whereas saturation is observed at higher intensities. The measured rates and shifts agree reasonably well with theory within the estimated systematic uncertainties. Several theoretically predicted saturation mechanisms are discussed, but a theory in which saturation arises because of quantum mechanical unitarity agrees well with the data.

Physical Review LettersAug 19, 200396 citations

Photoassociative frequency shift in a quantum degenerate gas

Jordan M. Gerton, Brian J. Frew, Randall G. Hulet

A light-induced frequency shift is observed in single-photon photoassociative spectra of magnetically trapped, quantum degenerate ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}.$ The shift is a manifestation of the coupling between the threshold continuum scattering states and discrete bound levels in the excited-state molecular potential induced by the photoassociation laser. The frequency shift is observed to be linear in the laser intensity with a measured proportionality constant that is in good agreement with theoretical predictions. This phenomenon has important implications for a scheme to alter the interactions between atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate using photoassociation resonances.A light-induced frequency shift is observed in single-photon photoassociative spectra of magnetically trapped, quantum degenerate ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}.$ The shift is a manifestation of the coupling between the threshold continuum scattering states and discrete bound levels in the excited-state molecular potential induced by the photoassociation laser. The frequency shift is observed to be linear in the laser intensity with a measured proportionality constant that is in good agreement with theoretical predictions. This phenomenon has important implications for a scheme to alter the interactions between atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate using photoassociation resonances.

arXiv:cond-mat/0108121Physical Review AOct 15, 200144 citations

Photoassociation of a Bose-Einstein Condensate near a Feshbach Resonance

Mark D. Junker, D. Dries, C. Welford +3 more

We measure the effect of a magnetic Feshbach resonance (FR) on the rate and light-induced frequency shift of a photoassociation resonance in ultracold 7Li. The photoassociation-induced loss-rate coefficient K_{p} depends strongly on magnetic field, varying by more than a factor of 10;{4} for fields near the FR. At sufficiently high laser intensities, K_{p} for a thermal gas decreases with increasing intensity, while saturation is observed for the first time in a Bose-Einstein condensate. The frequency shift is also strongly field dependent and exhibits an anomalous blueshift for fields just below the FR.We measure the effect of a magnetic Feshbach resonance (FR) on the rate and light-induced frequency shift of a photoassociation resonance in ultracold 7Li. The photoassociation-induced loss-rate coefficient K_{p} depends strongly on magnetic field, varying by more than a factor of 10;{4} for fields near the FR. At sufficiently high laser intensities, K_{p} for a thermal gas decreases with increasing intensity, while saturation is observed for the first time in a Bose-Einstein condensate. The frequency shift is also strongly field dependent and exhibits an anomalous blueshift for fields just below the FR.

arXiv:0803.1167Physical Review LettersAug 8, 200890 citations

Photoassociation in a quantum degenerate gas of lithium-7

Mark D. Junker

An experiment studying the effects of photoassociation in a quantum degenerate gas of 7Li bosons has been performed in a permanent magnet trap. A saturation in the one-photon photoassociation rate and a shift in the resonance due to the applied light field from the 2S 1/2 ground state to the 2P1/2 v ' = 83 excited molecular vibrational state have been measured and compared with theory. Limitations in the ability of the permanent magnet apparatus to study photoassociation in a Bose-Einstein condensate have prompted the development of a magneto-optical trap and an electro-magnetic trap. These new traps will assist in the process of creating a large BEC where the effects of photoassociation will be studied.An experiment studying the effects of photoassociation in a quantum degenerate gas of 7Li bosons has been performed in a permanent magnet trap. A saturation in the one-photon photoassociation rate and a shift in the resonance due to the applied light field from the 2S 1/2 ground state to the 2P1/2 v ' = 83 excited molecular vibrational state have been measured and compared with theory. Limitations in the ability of the permanent magnet apparatus to study photoassociation in a Bose-Einstein condensate have prompted the development of a magneto-optical trap and an electro-magnetic trap. These new traps will assist in the process of creating a large BEC where the effects of photoassociation will be studied.

Jan 1, 20050 citations

Single photon photoassociation in a lithium-7 BEC near a Feshbach resonance

Mark D. Junker

The rate of photoassociation (PA) determines how quickly molecules form from atoms illuminated by a resonant laser pulse. Knowledge of limits of this molecular formation rate provide a fundamental component on the maximum rate that a tightly bound ground state molecular Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) could be formed using a two-photon transition. This molecular synthesis represents the beginning of a new era of ultracold quantum chemistry. The available Feshbach resonance in this system is an indispensable tool to increase the molecular formation rate due to PA in the anticipation of revealing these fundamental rate limits. While the rate saturates in a thermal gas, no evidence of saturation has yet been observed in a BEC. A loss of atoms due to a PA pulse tuned to the v " = 83 excited state molecular vibrational level provides the measurement of the PA rate. The rate varies by several orders of magnitude either by tuning the magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance or by adjusting the PA intensity. We measure the PA rate at magnetic fields between 550-900 Gauss in a BEC and a thermal gas, which is near the Feshbach resonance at 736 Gauss. The rapidly changing rate near the Feshbach resonance reflects the overlap between the ground state and the excited state wavefunctions. We present the first quantitative measurement of the PA rate near a Feshbach resonance. We measure the magnetic field dependence of the molecular resonance position near the Feshbach resonance. We introduce the first observation of a positive energy shift associated with photoassociation. The measured energy shift asymptotically diverges as it approaches the Feshbach resonance and agrees qualitatively with described theory at all magnetic fields. We observe intensity dependent saturation in the PA rate in a thermal gas and the measurements qualitatively agree with a unitarity limited rate. The first conclusive evidence for a suppression of the PA rate occurs for intensities above the saturation intensity. We report the first observed saturation of the PA rate in a BEC. Three separate theories present possible mechanisms for the observed saturation.The rate of photoassociation (PA) determines how quickly molecules form from atoms illuminated by a resonant laser pulse. Knowledge of limits of this molecular formation rate provide a fundamental component on the maximum rate that a tightly bound ground state molecular Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) could be formed using a two-photon transition. This molecular synthesis represents the beginning of a new era of ultracold quantum chemistry. The available Feshbach resonance in this system is an indispensable tool to increase the molecular formation rate due to PA in the anticipation of revealing these fundamental rate limits. While the rate saturates in a thermal gas, no evidence of saturation has yet been observed in a BEC. A loss of atoms due to a PA pulse tuned to the v " = 83 excited state molecular vibrational level provides the measurement of the PA rate. The rate varies by several orders of magnitude either by tuning the magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance or by adjusting the PA intensity. We measure the PA rate at magnetic fields between 550-900 Gauss in a BEC and a thermal gas, which is near the Feshbach resonance at 736 Gauss. The rapidly changing rate near the Feshbach resonance reflects the overlap between the ground state and the excited state wavefunctions. We present the first quantitative measurement of the PA rate near a Feshbach resonance. We measure the magnetic field dependence of the molecular resonance position near the Feshbach resonance. We introduce the first observation of a positive energy shift associated with photoassociation. The measured energy shift asymptotically diverges as it approaches the Feshbach resonance and agrees qualitatively with described theory at all magnetic fields. We observe intensity dependent saturation in the PA rate in a thermal gas and the measurements qualitatively agree with a unitarity limited rate. The first conclusive evidence for a suppression of the PA rate occurs for intensities above the saturation intensity. We report the first observed saturation of the PA rate in a BEC. Three separate theories present possible mechanisms for the observed saturation.

Jan 1, 20080 citations

Saturation in heteronuclear photoassociation of 6Li7Li

U. Schlöder, C. Silber, T. Deuschle +1 more

We report heteronuclear photoassociation spectroscopy in a mixture of magneto-optically trapped ${}^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ and ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}.$ The laser-induced decrease in the ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ steady-state particle number, only appearing in the presence of ${}^{6}\mathrm{Li},$ gives clear evidence of photoassociation to form ${}^{6}{\mathrm{Li}}^{7}\mathrm{Li}.$ Hyperfine resolved spectra of the vibrational level $v=83$ of the singlet state ${\mathrm{A}}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ have been taken up to intensities of $1000{\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}.$ The absolute resonance frequencies and the rotational constant have been measured. Saturation of the photoassociation rate has been observed for two hyperfine transitions, which can be shown to be due to saturation of the rate coefficient near the unitarity limit. Saturation intensities on the order of $40{\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ can be determined.We report heteronuclear photoassociation spectroscopy in a mixture of magneto-optically trapped ${}^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ and ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}.$ The laser-induced decrease in the ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ steady-state particle number, only appearing in the presence of ${}^{6}\mathrm{Li},$ gives clear evidence of photoassociation to form ${}^{6}{\mathrm{Li}}^{7}\mathrm{Li}.$ Hyperfine resolved spectra of the vibrational level $v=83$ of the singlet state ${\mathrm{A}}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ have been taken up to intensities of $1000{\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}.$ The absolute resonance frequencies and the rotational constant have been measured. Saturation of the photoassociation rate has been observed for two hyperfine transitions, which can be shown to be due to saturation of the rate coefficient near the unitarity limit. Saturation intensities on the order of $40{\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ can be determined.

arXiv:physics/0211098Physical Review ADec 31, 200242 citations

A light-induced frequency shift is observed in single-photon photoassociative spectra of magnetically trapped, quantum degenerate

{}^{7}\mathrm{Li}.

The shift is a manifestation of the coupling between the threshold continuum scattering states and discrete bound levels in the excited-state molecular potential induced by the photoassociation laser. The frequency shift is observed to be linear in the laser intensity with a measured proportionality constant that is in good agreement with theoretical predictions. This phenomenon has important implications for a scheme to alter the interactions between atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate using photoassociation resonances.

We report heteronuclear photoassociation spectroscopy in a mixture of magneto-optically trapped

{}^{6}\mathrm{Li}

and

{}^{7}\mathrm{Li}.

The laser-induced decrease in the

{}^{7}\mathrm{Li}

steady-state particle number, only appearing in the presence of

{}^{6}\mathrm{Li},

gives clear evidence of photoassociation to form

{}^{6}{\mathrm{Li}}^{7}\mathrm{Li}.

Hyperfine resolved spectra of the vibrational level

v=83

of the singlet state ${\mathrm{A}}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ have been taken up to intensities of

1000{\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}.

The absolute resonance frequencies and the rotational constant have been measured. Saturation of the photoassociation rate has been observed for two hyperfine transitions, which can be shown to be due to saturation of the rate coefficient near the unitarity limit. Saturation intensities on the order of

40{\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}

can be determined.