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arXiv:cond-mat/0307183 · Physical Review A

Spatial period doubling in Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical lattice

Mette Machholm, Alexandru I. Nicolin, C. J. Pethick, H. Smith

Published Apr 7, 2004• 89 citations
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Abstract

We demonstrate that there exist stationary states of Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical lattice that do not satisfy the usual Bloch periodicity condition. Using the discrete model appropriate to the tight-binding limit we determine energy bands for period-doubled states in a one-dimensional lattice. In a complementary approach we calculate the band structure from the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, considering both states of the usual Bloch form and states which have the Bloch form for a period equal to twice that of the optical lattice. We show that the onset of dynamical instability of states of the usual Bloch form coincides with the occurrence of period-doubled states with the same energy. The period-doubled states are shown to be related to periodic trains of solitons.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.69.043604

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We demonstrate that there exist stationary states of Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical lattice that do not satisfy the usual Bloch periodicity condition. Using the discrete model appropriate to the tight-binding limit we determine energy bands for period-doubled states in a one-dimensional lattice. In a complementary approach we calculate the band structure from the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, considering both states of the usual Bloch form and states which have the Bloch form for a period equal to twice that of the optical lattice. We show that the onset of dynamical instability of states of the usual Bloch form coincides with the occurrence of period-doubled states with the same energy. The period-doubled states are shown to be related to periodic trains of solitons.
We study systematically the period-doubled Bloch states for a weakly interacting Bose–Einstein condensate in a one-dimensional optical lattice. This kind of state is of form ψ k = e ikx ϕ k ( x ) , where ϕ k ( x ) is of a period twice the optical lattice constant. Our numerical results show how these nonlinear period-doubled states grow out of linear period-doubled states at a quarter away from the Brillouin zone center as the repulsive interatomic interaction increases. This is corroborated by our analytical results. We find that all nonlinear period-doubled Bloch states have both Landau instability and dynamical instability .
We analyze the existence and stability of spatially extended (Bloch-type) and localized states of a Bose-Einstein condensate loaded into an optical lattice. In the framework of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with a periodic potential, we study the band-gap structure of the matter-wave spectrum in both the linear and nonlinear regimes. We demonstrate the existence of families of spatially localized matter-wave gap solitons, and analyze their stability in different band gaps, for both repulsive and attractive atomic interactions.
We investigate the band structure of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a one-dimensional periodic potential by calculating stationary solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which have the form of Bloch waves. We demonstrate that loops (``swallow tails'') in the band structure occur both at the Brillouin zone boundary and at the center of the zone, and they are therefore a generic feature. A physical interpretation of the swallow tails in terms of periodic solitons is given. The linear stability of the solutions is investigated as a function of the strength of the mean-field interaction, the magnitude of the periodic potential, and the wave vector of the condensate. The regions of energetic and dynamical stability are identified by considering the behavior of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional for small deviations of the condensate wave function from a stationary state. It is also shown how for long-wavelength disturbances the stability criteria may be obtained within a hydrodynamic approach.
Energy band structure and stability of Bose-Einstein condensate with both two- and three-body interactions in one-dimensional periodic optical lattices are discussed. It is demonstrated that the lowest energy band can show a loop structure at the boundary of the first Brillouin zone only when the number of atoms is larger than a critical value. When the loop structure is excited, an analytical expression of the loop width is obtained. The energetical and dynamical stabilities of the system are determined by considering the behavior of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional when the condensate wave function diverge away from a stationary state upon small perturbation, and its dependence on the number of atoms, the magnitude of the periodic potential, especially, the strength of the three-body force are studied. In addition, a criteria of the stability for excitations with long wavelengths is given by applying the hydrodynamic approach. The influence of the three-body interaction on the band properties and the stabilities are discussed in detail. It is shown that the critical density for developing the loop structure, the loop width, and the instability criteria are modified dramatically by the three-body interaction.
We study multiple-period Bloch states of a Bose-Einstein condensate with spatially periodic interatomic interaction. Solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the continuum model, and also using a simplified discrete version of it, we investigate the energy-band structures and the corresponding stability properties. We observe an ``attraction-induced dynamical stability'' mechanism caused by the localization of the density distribution in the attractive domains of the system and the isolation of these higher-density regions. This makes the superfluid stable near the zone boundary and also enhances the stability of higher-periodic states if the nonlinear interaction strength is sufficiently high.