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arXiv:cond-mat/0304632

Comment on "Superfluidity in the interior-gap states"

W. Vincent Liu, Frank A. Wilczek

Published Apr 28, 2003• 0 citations
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Abstract

In a recent paper [cond-mat/0303185], Wu and Yip presented calculations that they interpreted as indicating an instability of the interior gap phase -- a new, hybrid superfluid-normal state of matter that we proposed in [PRL 90, 047002 (2003)]. Here we observe that their interpretation does not apply to the situations of most physical interest. Their instability was derived under the implicit assumption that one should perturb the relevant systems, which typically contain two distinct species, at fixed values of the separate chemical potentials. However it can be, and generally is, appropriate to enforce different constraints, involving fixed values of particle numbers. Then one often finds, as indicated in our original paper, stable states of the kind we claimed.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0304632

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In a recent paper [cond-mat/0303185], Wu and Yip presented calculations that they interpreted as indicating an instability of the interior gap phase -- a new, hybrid superfluid-normal state of matter that we proposed in [PRL 90, 047002 (2003)]. Here we observe that their interpretation does not apply to the situations of most physical interest. Their instability was derived under the implicit assumption that one should perturb the relevant systems, which typically contain two distinct species, at fixed values of the separate chemical potentials. However it can be, and generally is, appropriate to enforce different constraints, involving fixed values of particle numbers. Then one often finds, as indicated in our original paper, stable states of the kind we claimed.
We propose a new state of matter in which the pairing interactions carve out a gap within the interior of a large Fermi ball, while the exterior surface remains gapless. This defines a system which contains both a superfluid and a normal Fermi liquid simultaneously, with both gapped and gapless quasiparticle excitations. The universality class of this state can be realized at weak coupling. We predict that a cold mixture of two species of fermionic atoms with different mass will exhibit this state. For electrons in appropriate solids, it would define a material that is simultaneously superconducting and metallic.
In a recent Comment (cond-mat/9701197) on our Letter (PRL 77, 3013 (1996), cond-mat/9604176) Nersesyan and Tsvelik questioned the relevance of our exact calculation of the density of states (DOS) of a 2D d-wave superconductor using a Lorentzian disorder distribution, claiming ``that models with Lorentzian and Gaussian disorder belong to different universality classes'', on grounds of a comparison with a straightforward perturbation expansion in the disorder potential. We showed in a very recent paper (cond-mat/9703047) that a rigorous nonzero lower bound for DOS can be established without relying on the tails of the disorder distribution, i.e. both the Gaussian and Lorentzian distributions belong to a large class of distributions which give a nonzero lower bound for the DOS. This proves that the result of our Letter is generic.
We investigated possible superfluid phases at finite temperature in a two-component Fermi gas with density imbalance. In the frame of a general four-fermion interaction theory, we solved in the BCS region the gap equations for the pairing gap and pairing momentum under the restriction of fixed number densities and analyzed the stability of different phases by calculating the superfluid density and number susceptibilities. The homogeneous superfluid is stable only at high temperature and low number asymmetry, the inhomogeneous Larkin-Ovchinnikov-Fudde-Ferrell state survives at low temperature and high number asymmetry, and in between them there exists another possible inhomogeneous phase, that of phase separation. The critical temperatures and the orders of the phase transitions among the superfluid phases and normal phase are calculated analytically and numerically. The phase diagram we obtained in the temperature and number asymmetry plane is quite different from the one in the temperature and chemical potential difference plane for a system with fixed chemical potentials.