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arXiv:cond-mat/0212568 · Physical Review Letters

Amplification of Local Instabilities in a Bose-Einstein Condensate with Attractive Interactions

J. K. Chin, J. M. M. J. Vogels, Wolfgang Ketterle

Published Apr 24, 2003• 28 citations
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Abstract

We study the collapse of large homogeneous Bose-Einstein condensates due to intrinsic attractive interactions. We observe the amplification of a local instability by seeding a momentum state p and suddenly switching the scattering length negative via a Feshbach resonance. We also observe the appearance of atoms in the conjugate momentum state as required by momentum conservation. For large condensates, the time scale for this depletion process becomes faster than that for global collapse.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.90.160405

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We study the collapse of large homogeneous Bose-Einstein condensates due to intrinsic attractive interactions. We observe the amplification of a local instability by seeding a momentum state p and suddenly switching the scattering length negative via a Feshbach resonance. We also observe the appearance of atoms in the conjugate momentum state as required by momentum conservation. For large condensates, the time scale for this depletion process becomes faster than that for global collapse.
We observe bright matter-wave solitons form during the collapse of (85)Rb condensates in a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic trap. The collapse is induced by using a Feshbach resonance to suddenly switch the atomic interactions from repulsive to attractive. Remnant condensates containing several times the critical number of atoms for the onset of instability are observed to survive the collapse. Under these conditions a highly robust configuration of 3D solitons forms such that each soliton satisfies the condition for stability and neighboring solitons exhibit repulsive interactions.
We discuss the response of a Bose-Einstein condensate to a change in the scattering length, which is experimentally realized by tuning the magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance. In particular, we consider the collapse of the condensate induced by a sudden change in the scattering length from a large positive to a small negative value. We also consider the condensate dynamics that results from a single pulse in the magnetic field, due to which the scattering length is rapidly increased from zero to a large value and then after some time rapidly decreased again to its initial value. We focus primarily on the consequences of the quantum evaporation process on the dynamics of the Bose-Einstein condensate, but also discuss the effects of atom-molecule coherence.
We rapidly change the scattering length as{a}_{s}as​ of a 87{}^{87}87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate by means of a Feshbach resonance, simultaneously releasing the condensate from its harmonic trapping potential. When as{a}_{s}as​ is changed from positive to negative, the subsequent collapse of the condensate is stabilized by the kinetic energy imparted during the release, resulting in a deceleration of the loss rate near the resonance. We also observe an increase in the Thomas-Fermi radius, near the resonance, that cannot be understood in terms of a simple scaling model. Instead, we describe this behavior using the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, including three-body recombination, and hypothesize that the increase in cloud radius is due to self-interference of the condensate resulting in the formation of concentric shells.
The point of instability of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) due to attractive interactions was studied. Stable 85Rb BECs were created and then caused to collapse by slowly changing the atom-atom interaction from repulsive to attractive using a Feshbach resonance. At a critical value, an abrupt transition was observed in which atoms were ejected from the condensate. By measuring the onset of this transition as a function of number and attractive interaction strength, we determined the stability condition to be N(absolute value of a) / a(ho) = 0.459+/-0.012+/-0.054, slightly lower than the predicted value of 0.574.