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arXiv:cond-mat/0212139

Nuclear Spin Superradiance

Vyacheslav I. Yukalov

Published Dec 6, 2002• 0 citations
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Abstract

The review of experimental and main theoretical works on the phenomenon of nuclear spin superradiance is given. The content includes: 1. Introduction, 2. Experimental Observation, 3. Basic Model, 4. Evolution Equations, 5. Nyquist Noise, 6. Incoherent Stage, 7. Transient Superradiance, 8. Pulsing Superradiance, 9. Hyperfine Interactions, 10. Radiation Intensity, 11. Applications, 12. References

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0212139

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A theory is proposed to account for the superradiance emitted by a system of nuclear spins interacting with a resonant circuit. A study is reported of the dependences of the parameters of the superradiance pulses on the main parameters of the medium. A comparison is made of these dependences with the corresponding expressions in the optical superradiance case. The transition from superradiance to maser operation is investigated. It is shown that the calculations are in full agreement with the experimental curves.
This article reviews the present status of superradiance in atoms and molecules. The introductory section describes the important physical properties of superradiant emission, and presents the important experimental features. A simple theoretical formulation, based on the coupled Maxwell-Schrödinger equations, is described. Simple expressions for observable output parameters are given, valid in experimentally relevant regimes. These results are compared with superradiance experiments performed at a wide range of wavelengths in numerous laboratories since 1973. While the principal features of superradiance are generally agreed upon, details of the initiation of the radiation process and of the observed ringing are still under study.
The equations describing the evolution during the linear-emission period of the electric field of superradiance formed by transitions with partially or totally resolved hyperfine structure are obtained in a semiclassical approximation in the case of arbitrary values of electronic angular momenta of the levels and nuclear spin. These equations are used to analyse the polarization properties of superradiance from the levels initially excited from the ground state by the ultra-short linearly polarized laser pulses with small area.
The main part of this review is devoted to the comprehensive description of coherent radiation by nuclear spins. The theory of nuclear spin superradiance is developed and the experimental observations of this phenomenon are considered. The intriguing problem of how coherence develops from initially incoherent quantum fluctuations is analysed. All main types of coherent radiation by nuclear spins are discussed, which are: free nuclear induction, collective induction, maser generation, pure superradiance, triggered superradiance, pulsing superradiance, punctuated superradiance, and induced emission. The influence of electron-nuclear hyperfine interactions and the role of magnetic anisotropy are studied. Conditions for realizing spin superradiance by magnetic molecules are investigated. The possibility of nuclear matter lasing, accompanied by pion or dibaryon radiation, is briefly touched.