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arXiv:cond-mat/0208385 · Physical Review Letters

Sodium Bose-Einstein Condensates in the F=2 State in a Large-Volume Optical Trap

Axel Görlitz, T. L. Gustavson, A. E. Leanhardt, R. Löw, A. P. Chikkatur, Subhadeep Gupta, S. Inouye, David E. Pritchard, Wolfgang Ketterle

Published Mar 4, 2003• 140 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We have investigated the properties of Bose-Einstein condensates of sodium atoms in the upper hyperfine ground state. Condensates in the high-field seeking $|F=2,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}2⟩$ state were created in a large volume optical trap from initially prepared $|F=1,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1⟩$ condensates using a microwave transition at 1.77 GHz. We found condensates in the stretched state $|F=2,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}2⟩$ to be stable for several seconds at densities in the range of ${10}^{14}\text{ }\mathrm{\text{atoms}}/{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$. In addition, we studied the clock transition $|F=1,{m}_{F}=0⟩\ensuremath{\rightarrow}|F=2,{m}_{F}=0⟩$ in a sodium Bose-Einstein condensate and determined a density-dependent frequency shift of $(2.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}\text{ }\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}\text{ }{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.90.090401

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We have investigated the properties of Bose-Einstein condensates of sodium atoms in the upper hyperfine ground state. Condensates in the high-field seeking ∣F=2,mF=\ensuremath−2⟩|F=2,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}2⟩∣F=2,mF​=\ensuremath−2⟩ state were created in a large volume optical trap from initially prepared ∣F=1,mF=\ensuremath−1⟩|F=1,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1⟩∣F=1,mF​=\ensuremath−1⟩ condensates using a microwave transition at 1.77 GHz. We found condensates in the stretched state ∣F=2,mF=\ensuremath−2⟩|F=2,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}2⟩∣F=2,mF​=\ensuremath−2⟩ to be stable for several seconds at densities in the range of 1014 atoms/cm3{10}^{14}\text{ }\mathrm{\text{atoms}}/{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}1014 atoms/cm3. In addition, we studied the clock transition ∣F=1,mF=0⟩\ensuremath→∣F=2,mF=0⟩|F=1,{m}_{F}=0⟩\ensuremath{\rightarrow}|F=2,{m}_{F}=0⟩∣F=1,mF​=0⟩\ensuremath→∣F=2,mF​=0⟩ in a sodium Bose-Einstein condensate and determined a density-dependent frequency shift of (2.44\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.25\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.5)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−12 Hz cm3(2.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}\text{ }\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}\text{ }{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}(2.44\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.25\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.5)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−12 Hz cm3.
We have created stable sodium Bose-Einstein condensates in the $|F=1,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ state in a one-dimensional optical lattice with a lifetime of 102 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 42 s, which is limited by the photon scattering rate. The condensates were transferred to the upper hyperfine FFF === 2 state and the one-body and two-body loss rates were examined. Condensates in the $|2,1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ state were transferred in the optical lattice from the initially prepared condensates using a two-photon microwave--radio-frequency pulse. The two-body loss coefficients in the $|2,0\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and $|2,1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ states were found to be (2.1 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 1.4) $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ and (7.7 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 1.0) $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm3{}^{3}3 s${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively. The lifetime of the $|2,1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ state was 15 ms at the initial density of 5 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 1014{}^{14}14 atoms/cm3{}^{3}3. We constructed a Ramsey atom interferometer using BECs in the $|1,\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{\rangle}$, and $|2,1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ states with an interrogation time of 2 ms in the optical lattice.
Bose-Einstein condensates of sodium atoms have been confined in an optical dipole trap using a single focused infrared laser beam. This eliminates the restrictions of magnetic traps for further studies of atom lasers and Bose-Einstein condensates. More than $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ condensed atoms were transferred into the optical trap. Densities of up to $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ of Bose condensed atoms were obtained, allowing for a measurement of the three-body loss rate constant for sodium condensates as ${K}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.1(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}{\mathrm{cm}}^{6}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. At lower densities, the observed 1/e1/e1/e lifetime was longer than 10 s. Simultaneous confinement of Bose-Einstein condensates in several hyperfine states was demonstrated.
We have achieved Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) [1,2] of Na atoms in an anisotropic TOP trap [3]. Our TOP trap has a bias field that rotates (at 20 kHz) in a plane containing the symmetry access of the quadrapole field, resulting in an anisotropic, time-averaged TOP potential with spring constants in the ratio of 1:2:4. A dark spot MOT is loaded from a Zeeman-cooled Na beam and the cloud of atoms are cooled in dark optical molasses. This produces a sample of −1010 atoms, mainly in the F = 1 hyperfine ground state at a temperature of −100 pK. We transfer about 1/3 of these atoms into a static quadrapole trap, trapping the F = 1, mF=−1 state. The quadrapole trap is stiffened to 1000 G/cm to increase the Na density and evaporated for 3 seconds with a linearly swept rf field. The TOP field is then turned on quickly to 150 G, producing a weak TOP trap. Further evaporation is performed by reducing the TOP field to 20 G, bringing in the circle of death. This 15 second evaporation period is followed by 10 seconds of rf induced evaporation, with BEC occuring at a temperature of ~1 μK, producing a condensate of ~3×106 atoms. By subsequently adiabatically expanding the trapping potential, we have reduced the temperature to −50 nK.
Summary form only given. Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) are generally produced by evaporative cooling of laser cooled atomic samples in magnetic traps. Though magnetic traps are indispensable for the production of a BEC, they pose restrictions on the possible studies with a BEC. Previous experiments of our group have demonstrated that it is possible to trap a BEC in the circular focus of a far-detuned infrared laser beam. This first realization of an optical dipole trap (ODT) for BEC was used to prepare and investigate spinor condensates of Na atoms in the F=1 hyperfine manifold. However, the initial peak density in this ODT after loading from the magnetic trap reached 10/sup 15/ atoms/cm/sup 3/, leading to rapid losses due to three-body collisions. To realize an ODT capable of storing large condensates for a long time, we have used a laser beam with an elliptical beam profile. The optical trap is loaded by superimposing the light field onto the magnetic trap and then slowly turning off the magnetic fields. The transfer efficiency is close to 100%, and thus more than 10/sup 7/ Bose-condensed atoms can be loaded into the ODT.