Fermionic atoms confined in a potential created by standing wave light can undergo a phase transition to a superfluid state at a dramatically increased transition temperature. Depending upon carefully controlled parameters, a transition to a superfluid state of Cooper pairs, antiferromagnetic states or d-wave pairing states can be induced and probed under realistic experimental conditions. We describe an atomic physics experiment that can provide critical insight into the origin of high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates.
Fermionic atoms confined in a potential created by standing wave light can undergo a phase transition to a superfluid state at a dramatically increased transition temperature. Depending upon carefully controlled parameters, a transition to a superfluid state of Cooper pairs, antiferromagnetic states or d-wave pairing states can be induced and probed under realistic experimental conditions. We describe an atomic physics experiment that can provide critical insight into the origin of high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates.
d -wave Cooper pairs are believed to be the key for understanding the phenomenon of high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates. These superconductors are an example of the emergence of strong pairing in systems with purely repulsive interactions, similar to superfluid helium 3 and the newly discovered iron oxypnictides. Despite intense studies, there is currently no consensus as to what causes the formation of d -wave Cooper pairs in these materials. Here we propose a novel experimental scheme in which recently demonstrated methods for realizing optical lattices and superlattices are combined to create and to detect, in a controlled way, ultracold-atom d -wave Cooper pairs. Our scheme starts from arrays of isolated plaquettes which incorporate the required d -wave correlations on a short length scale. By tuning the parameters of the potentials, these plaquettes can be coupled to achieve long-range d -wave superfluid correlations, finally arriving at the generic Hubbard model.
We study the coherence properties of a trapped two-component gas of fermionic atoms below the BCS critical temperature. We propose an optical method to investigate the Cooper pair coherence across different regions of the superfluid. Near-resonant laser light is used to induce transitions between the two coupled hyperfine states. The beam is split so that it probes two spatially separate regions of the gas. Absorption of the light in this interferometric scheme depends on the Cooper pair coherence between the two regions.
We investigate many-body phase diagrams of atomic boson-fermion mixtures loaded in the two-dimensional optical lattice. Bosons mediate an attractive, finite-range interaction between fermions, leading to fermion pairing phases of different orbital symmetries. Specifically, we show that by properly tuning atomic and lattice parameters it is possible to create superfluids with s-, p-, and d-wave pairing symmetry as well as spin and charge density wave phases. These phases and their stability are analyzed within the mean-field approximation for systems of $^{40}\mathrm{K}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{40}\mathrm{K}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ mixtures. For the experimentally accessible regime of parameters, superfluids with unconventional fermion pairing have transition temperature around a percent of the Fermi energy.
This thesis explores certain extraordinary phenomena that occur when a gas of neutral atoms is cooled to the coldest temperatures in the universe --- much colder, in fact, than the electromagnetic radiation that permeates the vacuum of interstellar space. At those extreme temperatures, quantum effects dominate and the collective behaviour of the atoms can have unexpected consequences. For example, Bose-Einstein condensation may occur where the atoms lose their individual identities to coalesce into a macroscopic quantum particle. Although such ultracold atomic gases are interesting in their own right, much of the excitement generated in this field is due to the possibility that studying these gases could shed light on intractable problems in other areas of physics. This is predominantly due to the uniquely high degree of control over various physical parameters that ultracold atomic gases afford to experimentalists. Recent technological advances exploit this advantage to study quantum phenomena in a detail that would not be possible in other systems. For instance, atoms can be made to attract or repel each other, the strength of this interaction can be set to almost any value, and external potentials of various geometries and periodicities can be introduced. In this way, atoms can be used to model phenomena as diverse as the quark-gluon plasmas arising in high-energy particle physics, the colour superfluids conjectured to exist in the core of neutron stars, and the high-temperature superconductivity exhibited by electrons on the ion lattice of certain compounds. Indeed, ultracold atomic gases also have a demonstrated applicability to quantum information and computation. Due to a subtle interplay between electronic and nuclear spins known as the hyperfine interaction, atoms can have either an integer or half-integer total spin quantum number, making them either bosonic or fermionic at low temperatures, respectively. With the exception of chapter 7, the work presented here concerns fermionic atoms in periodic potential formed by interfering laser beams. Indeed, the standing light wave created by the interfering beams gives rise to a lattice potential because of the Stark effect which couples the electronic energy levels of the atoms to the spatially undulating electric field. Furthermore, fermionic atoms can be prepared in two different hyperfine states corresponding to the the \\spin-up" and \\spin-down" quantum states, and as such mimic electrons moving in the lattice structure of solids. This system is well described by the famous Hubbard model which we introduce in chapter 2 and, under certain conditions, undergoes a phase transition into the N eel state which believed to be a precursor to superconductivity in certain high-temperature superconductors. In chapter 3, we calculate precisely how the N eel state may be achieved in an ultracold fermionic atom gas. When the number of spin-up and spin-down atoms is unequal the system becomes spin-canted and exhibits both ferro- and antiferromagnetic characteristics, as we show in chapter 4. We also nd there are topological excitations present in the quantum spin texture known as merons which have never unambiguously been observed before. In order to form a Bose-Einstein condensate, fermionic atoms must rst form pairs, and can do so in two contrasting ways. The relationship between these two qualitatively di erent forms of pairing is described in chapter 5, and we examine how these two types of pairs transform into one another in an optical lattice in chapter 6. Finally, chapter 7 is a detailed eld-theoretic study of pairing as it occurs in an ultracold Bose gas. There, we nd there is an intriguing bosonic analogy of the two forms of fermion pairing and explore the properties of these pairs.
We investigate the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC, superfluidity) of particle-hole pairs in ultracold fermionic atoms with repulsive interactions and arbitrary polarization, which are trapped within optical lattices. In the strongly repulsive limit, the dynamics of particle-hole pairs can be described by a hard-core Bose-Hubbard model. The insulator-superfluid and charge-density-wave- (CDW) superfluid phase transitions can be induced by decreasing and increasing the potential depths with controlling the trapping laser intensity, respectively. The parameter and polarization dependence of the critical temperatures for the ordered states (BEC and/or CDW) are discussed simultaneously.
We study superfluidity in strongly correlated systems by focusing three features as follows. First, interplay between superfluidity and other order parameters near quantum critical points is studied. The onset positions of the order parameters with or without superconductivity determines how they interact with each other. For the spin density wave (SDW) transition, we find that the quantum critical point shifts by order |∆|, where ∆ is pairing amplitude, so that the region of SDW order is smaller in the superconductor than in the metal. This shift is larger than the |∆|2 shift predicted by theories of competing orders which ignore Fermi surface effects. Second, we study a doped antiferromagnetic Mott insulator motivated by copper based high temperature superconductors. Based on spin and charge fractionalization, the algebraic charge liquid phase whose bosonic spinons have energy gap but fermionic holons form Fermi surfaces and its superconductivity are studied. We show fluctuations of local SDW order orientation lead to d-wave superconductivity, and its quantum critical pairing mechanisms are investigated. Also, a theory of bound states between spinons and holons is studied. We show that the fractionalization induces a doubling electron-like quasiparticles, which naturally induces the fractionalized Fermi liquid. The bound state theory describes exotic properties of the underdoped Cuprates such as “nodal-antinodal dichotomy” at a mean field level description. At last, we study superfluidity of fermions in optical lattices near the Feshbach resonance. Due to divergence of scattering length at the resonance, universality is observed and characteristics of superfluidity has been studied. We extend such universal properties by considering superfluid-insulator transition with an even integer number of fermions per unit cell. The resulting insulator interpolates between a band insulator of fermions and a Mott insulator of fermion pairs.