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arXiv:cond-mat/0202060 · Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Atomic model of supersymmetric Hubbard operators

John M. Hopkinson, Piers Coleman

Published Feb 27, 2003• 2 citations
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Abstract

We apply the recently proposed supersymmetric Hubbard operators [P. Coleman, C. P\'epin, and J. Hopkinson, Phys. Rev. B 63, 140411(R) (2001)] to an atomic model. In the limiting case of free spins, we derive exact results for the entropy which are compared with a mean-field + Gaussian corrections description. We show how these results can be extended to the case of charge fluctuations and calculate exact results for the partition function, free energy, and heat capacity of an atomic model for some simple examples. Wave-functions of possible states are listed. We compare the accuracy of large N expansions of the susy spin operators [P. Coleman, C. P\'epin, and A. M. Tsvelik, Phys. Rev. B 62, 3852 (2000); Nucl. Phys. B 586, 641 (2000)] with those obtained using ``Schwinger bosons'' and ``Abrikosov pseudofermions.'' For the atomic model, we compare results of slave boson, slave fermion, and susy Hubbard operator approximations in the physically interesting but uncontrolled limiting case of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{N}2.$ For a mixed representation of spins, we estimate the accuracy of large N expansions of the atomic model. In the single box limit, we find that the lowest-energy susy saddle point reduces to simply either slave bosons or slave fermions, while for higher boxes this is not the case. The highest energy saddle point solution has the interesting feature that it admits a small region of a mixed representation, which bears a superficial resemblance to that observed experimentally close to an antiferromagnetic quantum critical point.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.67.085110

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We apply the recently proposed supersymmetric Hubbard operators [P. Coleman, C. P'epin, and J. Hopkinson, Phys. Rev. B 63, 140411(R) (2001)] to an atomic model. In the limiting case of free spins, we derive exact results for the entropy which are compared with a mean-field + Gaussian corrections description. We show how these results can be extended to the case of charge fluctuations and calculate exact results for the partition function, free energy, and heat capacity of an atomic model for some simple examples. Wave-functions of possible states are listed. We compare the accuracy of large N expansions of the susy spin operators [P. Coleman, C. P'epin, and A. M. Tsvelik, Phys. Rev. B 62, 3852 (2000); Nucl. Phys. B 586, 641 (2000)] with those obtained using Schwinger bosons'' and Abrikosov pseudofermions.'' For the atomic model, we compare results of slave boson, slave fermion, and susy Hubbard operator approximations in the physically interesting but uncontrolled limiting case of N\ensuremath→2.\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{N}2.N\ensuremath→​2. For a mixed representation of spins, we estimate the accuracy of large N expansions of the atomic model. In the single box limit, we find that the lowest-energy susy saddle point reduces to simply either slave bosons or slave fermions, while for higher boxes this is not the case. The highest energy saddle point solution has the interesting feature that it admits a small region of a mixed representation, which bears a superficial resemblance to that observed experimentally close to an antiferromagnetic quantum critical point.
We present the simplest model to which one can apply the supersymmetric Hubbard operators recently introduced. For the atomic model, H=−EdX00H=-E_d X_{00}H=−Ed​X00​, where X00=∣0><0∣X_{00} = |0><0|X00​=∣0><0∣ is a Hubbard operator and EdE_dEd​ is the energy of the localized spin level, we show how one can develop exact solutions for the entropy and heat capacity as a function of temperature. With this gold standard we are able to develop a controlled approximation scheme to field theoretically treat the susy approximation at the level of mean field + gaussian corrections and test its accuracy against the widely used slave boson and slave fermion approximations. We find that in addition to slave boson and slave fermion solutions, a new class of solutions exists in the physical case Q = 1, N = 2 which can be properly treated by neither previously existing approach. The phase diagram generated by the mean field saddle-point bears a superficial resemblance to the V-shaped phase diagram common to systems close to a quantum critical point and may provide a natural starting point for investigations of strongly correlated models capturing this physics.
The novel slave-free (i.e. without slave bosons and fermions) approach to the problem of strong correlations is used in studying the Hubbard (t-J) model, where the self-energy is expressed in terms of charge and spin vertex functions of Hubbard operators. A systematic 1/N expansion (N is the number of spin components) of the self-energy is carried out. In O(1) it gives the same quasiparticle spectrum as the slave boson theory. The next order O(1/N) of the self-energy Σ(k, ω) is calculated exactly by solving analytically the integral equations for the charge and spin vertices. As an example for the feasibility of the proposed method explicit results for Σ(k, ω) are given in the case J=0. Dealing only with observable quantities our method is transparent and easily applicable to models which exclude double occupancy on lattice sites, such as the Anderson model and the Emery model for high temperature superconductors.
We present a preliminary discussion on the use of supersymmetric representation of the Hubbard operator which unifies the slave boson and slave fermion representations into a single U(1) × SU(1|1) gauge theory to treat the physics of the infinite U Hubbard model. By looking for solutions to the Hamiltonian in which the spins can exist as both condensed ordered moments and as mobile charged carriers, we examine the possibility of a Nagaoka ferromagnetic phase at finite doping with a quantum critical point into the paramagnetic phase. Key words: Hubbard model, Supersymmetry, Ferromagnetism The infinite U Hubbard model[1] is a prototype model for strongly correlated electron systems. Interest in this venerable model has grown in recent times because of its link with one of the basic models of high temperature superconductivity, the t − J model.[2] The infinite U Hubbard model corresponds to the t − J model without antiferromagnetic interactions (J → 0). Despite the absence of antiferromagnetic interactions, evidence from finite temperature Lanzcos studies[3] suggests that many of high temperature properties associated with the cuprate metals are already present in the infinite U Hubbard model. The U = ∞ Hubbard hamiltonian is written HK = − t
We reconsider the strong-coupling expansion for the Hubbard model recently introduced by Sarker and Pairault et al. By introducing slave particles that act as projection operators onto the empty, singly occupied and doubly occupied atomic states, the perturbation theory around the atomic limit distinguishes between processes that do conserve or do not conserve the total number of doubly occupied sites. This allows for a systematic t/U expansion that does not break down at low temperature (t being the intersite hopping amplitude and U the local Coulomb repulsion). The fermionic field becomes a two-component field, which reflects the presence of the two Hubbard bands. The single-particle propagator is naturally expressed as a function of a 2×2 matrix self-energy. Furthermore, by introducing a time- and space-fluctuating spin-quantization axis in the functional integral, we can expand around a "non-degenerate" ground-state where each singly occupied site has a well defined spin direction (which may fluctuate in time). This formalism is used to derive the effective action of charge carriers in the lower Hubbard band to first order in t/U. We recover the action of the t–J model in the spin-hole coherent-state path integral. We also compare our results with those previously obtained by studying fluctuations around the large-U Hartree–Fock saddle point.
We consider slave boson formulations of the Hubbard model, the t–J model and the Anderson model, in which spin and charge fermion degrees of freedom are represented by Bose fields. The approach has been applied to the Hubbard model generalizing the formulation of Kotliar and Ruckenstein. There the Gutzwiller solution is recovered as a saddle point. The method allows to find other types of mean field solutions in a systematic way. Dynamical correlation functions in mean field approximation as well as fluctuation contributions are also calculated.
We develop a supersymmetric representation of the Hubbard operator which unifies the slave boson and slave fermion representations into a single $U(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(1|1)$ gauge theory, a group with larger symmetry than the product of two U(1)U(1)U(1) gauge groups. These representations of the Hubbard operator can be used to incorporate strong Hund's interactions in multielectron atoms as a constraint. We show how this method can be combined with the SP(N)\mathrm{SP}(N)SP(N) group to yield a locally supersymmetric large-NNN formulation of the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model.