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arXiv:cond-mat/0108445 · Physical Review Letters

Fractional Quantum Hall Effect in an Array of Quantum Wires

C. L. Kane, Ranjan Mukhopadhyay, T. C. Lubensky

Published Jan 4, 2002• 281 citations
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Abstract

We demonstrate the emergence of the quantum Hall (QH) hierarchy in a 2D model of coupled quantum wires in a perpendicular magnetic field. At commensurate values of the magnetic field, the system can develop instabilities to appropriate interwire electron hopping processes that drive the system into a variety of QH states. Some of the QH states are not included in the Haldane-Halperin hierarchy. In addition, we find operators allowed at any field that lead to novel crystals of Laughlin quasiparticles. We demonstrate that any QH state is the ground state of a Hamiltonian that we explicitly construct.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.88.036401

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We demonstrate the emergence of the quantum Hall (QH) hierarchy in a 2D model of coupled quantum wires in a perpendicular magnetic field. At commensurate values of the magnetic field, the system can develop instabilities to appropriate interwire electron hopping processes that drive the system into a variety of QH states. Some of the QH states are not included in the Haldane-Halperin hierarchy. In addition, we find operators allowed at any field that lead to novel crystals of Laughlin quasiparticles. We demonstrate that any QH state is the ground state of a Hamiltonian that we explicitly construct.
The coupled-wire construction provides a useful way to obtain microscopic Hamiltonians for various two-dimensional topological phases, among which fractional quantum Hall states are paradigmatic examples. Using the recently introduced flux attachment and vortex duality transformations for coupled wires, we show that this construction is remarkably versatile to encapsulate phenomenologies of hierarchical quantum Hall states: the Jain-type hierarchy states of composite fermions filling Landau levels and the Haldane-Halperin hierarchy states of quasiparticle condensation. The particle-hole conjugate transformation for coupled-wire models is also given as a special case of the hierarchy construction. We also propose coupled-wire models for the composite Fermi liquid, which turn out to be compatible with a sort of the particle-hole symmetry implemented in a nonlocal way at $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{1}{2}$. Furthermore, our approach shows explicitly the connection between the Moore-Read Pfaffian state and a chiral ppp-wave pairing of the composite fermions. This composite-fermion picture is also generalized to a family of the Pfaffian state, including the anti-Pfaffian state and Bonderson-Slingerland hierarchy states.
We study lattice models of charged particles in uniform magnetic fields. We show how longer range hopping can be engineered to produce a massively degenerate manifold of single-particle ground states with wave functions identical to those making up the lowest Landau level of continuum electrons in a magnetic field. We find that in the presence of local interactions, and at the appropriate filling factors, Laughlin's fractional quantum Hall wave function is an exact many-body ground state of our lattice model. The hopping matrix elements in our model fall off as a Gaussian, and when the flux per plaquette is small compared to the fundamental flux quantum one only needs to include nearest and next-nearest neighbor hoppings. We suggest how to realize this model using atoms in optical lattices, and describe observable consequences of the resulting fractional quantum Hall physics.
In non-interacting systems, disorder can drive a trivial phase into a topological one. However little is known how to construct a fractional quantum Hall ground-state, a paradigmatic topologically ordered state, that exists both in crystalline and disordered lattices and is qualitatively different to known topological phases. Here, we propose a general method for building such a phase. This is done by coupling quantum wires placed aperiodically in real-space, where the spatial positioning allows us to tune the inter-wire couplings. We call the emergent phase the Fractonic Fractional Quantum Hall Effect as it displays a rich interplay of fractional quantum Hall physics with fractonic constraints, formed by coupling differently-fractionalised wires into a globally gapped phase. The ground state has an exponential degeneracy in system size, a signature of the emergence of fractons. It displays a rich phenomenology of excitations, which can either behave like anyons confined to move in one dimension (lineons), multiples of which can then hop between two wires (s-lineons) or be free to travel across the system (C-anyons), depending on the multiplicity. Both the ground state degeneracy and mutual statistics are directly determined by the real-space positions of the wires, which can be disordered. Our method provides an analytically solvable pathway to non-crystalline fractional quantum Hall effects and fractonic theories in two-dimensions, examples of which were lacking.
The fractional quantum Hall effect was experimentally discovered in 1982. It was observed that the Hall conductivity σyx of a two-dimensional electron system is quantized, σyx=e2/3h, in the vicinity of the Landau level filling factor ν=1/3. In 1983, Laughlin proposed a trial many-body wave function, which he claimed described a “new state of matter”—a homogeneous incompressible liquid with fractionally charged quasiparticles. Here, I develop an exact diagonalization theory that allows one to calculate the energy and other physical properties of the ground and excited states of a system of N two-dimensional Coulomb interacting electrons in a strong magnetic field. I analyze the energies, electron densities, and other physical properties of the systems with N≤7 electrons continuously as a function of magnetic field in the range 1/4≲ν<1. The results show that both the ground and excited states of the system resemble a sliding Wigner crystal whose parameters are influenced by the magnetic field. Energy gaps in the many-particle spectra appear and disappear as the magnetic field changes. I also calculate the physical properties of the ν=1/3 Laughlin state for N≤8 and compare the results with the exact ones. This comparison, as well as an analysis of some other statements published in the literature, show that the Laughlin state and its fractionally charged excitations do not describe the physical reality, neither at small N nor in the thermodynamic limit. The results obtained shed new light on the nature of the ground and excited states in the fractional quantum Hall effect.
We generalize the fractional quantum Hall hierarchy picture to apply to arbitrary, possibly non-Abelian, fractional quantum Hall states. Applying this to the $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ Moore-Read state, we construct explicit trial wave functions to describe the fractional quantum Hall effect in the second Landau level. The resulting hierarchy of states, which reproduces the filling fractions of all observed Hall conductance plateaus in the second Landau level, is characterized by electron pairing in the ground state and an excitation spectrum that includes non-Abelian anyons of the Ising type. We propose this as a unifying picture in which ppp-wave pairing characterizes the fractional quantum Hall effect in the second Landau level.
The fractional quantum Hall (FQH) nematic state is a conjectured state of matter in which FQH topological order coexists with spontaneously broken rotation symmetry. Recent experiments on GaAs quantum wells suggest this state, as well as the concomitant isotropic-nematic phase transition, may be realized in a two-dimensional electron gas at certain rational filling factors. Although effective field theories of the FQH nematic state have been constructed, there has been so far no explicit realization of this state as the ground state of a microscopic model of interacting electrons. The authors show via a variational approach and numerical exact diagonalization that tuning Haldane pseudopotentials in a model of interacting electrons in the lowest Landau level induces a quantum phase transition out of the isotropic Laughlin FQH liquid and into the FQH nematic state.