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arXiv:cond-mat/0107489 · Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Three-dimensional random-field Ising magnet: Interfaces, scaling, and the nature of states

A. Alan Middleton, Daniel S. Fisher

Published Mar 19, 2002• 172 citations
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Abstract

The nature of the zero-temperature ordering transition in the three-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising magnet is studied numerically, aided by scaling analyses. Various numerical calculations are used to consistently infer the location of the transition to a high precision. A variety of boundary conditions are imposed on large samples to study the order of the transition and the number of states in the large volume limit. In the ferromagnetic phase, where the domain walls have fractal dimension ${d}_{s}=2,$ the scaling of the roughness of the domain walls, $w\ensuremath{\sim}{L}^{\ensuremath{\zeta}},$ is consistent with the theoretical prediction $\ensuremath{\zeta}=2/3.$ As the randomness is increased through the transition, the probability distribution of the interfacial tension of domain walls scales in a manner that is clearly consistent with a single second-order transition. At the critical point, the fractal dimensions of domain walls and the fractal dimension of the outer surface of spin clusters are investigated: there are at least two distinct physically important fractal dimensions that describe domain walls. These dimensions are argued to be related by scaling to combinations of the energy scaling exponent $\ensuremath{\theta},$ which determines the violation of hyperscaling, the correlation length exponent $\ensuremath{\nu},$ and the magnetization exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}.$ The value $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.017\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ computed from finite-size scaling of the magnetization is very nearly zero: this estimate is supported by the study of the spin cluster size distribution at criticality. The variation of configurations in the interior of a sample with boundary conditions is consistent with the hypothesis that there is a single transition separating the disordered phase with one ground state from the ordered phase with two ground states. The array of results, including values for several exponents, are shown to be consistent with a scaling picture and a geometric description of the influence of boundary conditions on the spins. The details of the algorithm used and its implementation are also described.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.65.134411

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arXiv:cond-mat/0102098•Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics•May 18, 2001•46 citations
The nature of the zero-temperature ordering transition in the three-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising magnet is studied numerically, aided by scaling analyses. Various numerical calculations are used to consistently infer the location of the transition to a high precision. A variety of boundary conditions are imposed on large samples to study the order of the transition and the number of states in the large volume limit. In the ferromagnetic phase, where the domain walls have fractal dimension ds=2,{d}_{s}=2,ds​=2, the scaling of the roughness of the domain walls, w\ensuremath∼L\ensuremathζ,w\ensuremath{\sim}{L}^{\ensuremath{\zeta}},w\ensuremath∼L\ensuremathζ, is consistent with the theoretical prediction \ensuremathζ=2/3.\ensuremath{\zeta}=2/3.\ensuremathζ=2/3. As the randomness is increased through the transition, the probability distribution of the interfacial tension of domain walls scales in a manner that is clearly consistent with a single second-order transition. At the critical point, the fractal dimensions of domain walls and the fractal dimension of the outer surface of spin clusters are investigated: there are at least two distinct physically important fractal dimensions that describe domain walls. These dimensions are argued to be related by scaling to combinations of the energy scaling exponent \ensuremathθ,\ensuremath{\theta},\ensuremathθ, which determines the violation of hyperscaling, the correlation length exponent \ensuremathν,\ensuremath{\nu},\ensuremathν, and the magnetization exponent \ensuremathβ.\ensuremath{\beta}.\ensuremathβ. The value \ensuremathβ=0.017\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.005\ensuremath{\beta}=0.017\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005\ensuremathβ=0.017\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.005 computed from finite-size scaling of the magnetization is very nearly zero: this estimate is supported by the study of the spin cluster size distribution at criticality. The variation of configurations in the interior of a sample with boundary conditions is consistent with the hypothesis that there is a single transition separating the disordered phase with one ground state from the ordered phase with two ground states. The array of results, including values for several exponents, are shown to be consistent with a scaling picture and a geometric description of the influence of boundary conditions on the spins. The details of the algorithm used and its implementation are also described.
The four dimensional Gaussian random field Ising magnet is investigated numerically at zero temperature, using samples up to size 64464^4644, to test scaling theories and to investigate the nature of domain walls and the thermodynamic limit. As the magnetization exponent βββ is more easily distinguishable from zero in four dimensions than in three dimensions, these results provide a useful test of conventional scaling theories. Results are presented for the critical behavior of the heat capacity, magnetization, and stiffness. The fractal dimensions of the domain walls at criticality are estimated. A notable difference from three dimensions is the structure of the spin domains: frozen spins of both signs percolate at a disorder magnitude less than the value at the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition. Hence, in the vicinity of the transition, there are two percolating clusters of opposite spins that are fixed under any boundary conditions. This structure changes the interpretation of the domain walls for the four dimensional case. The scaling of the effect of boundary conditions on the interior spin configuration is found to be consistent with the domain wall dimension. There is no evidence of a glassy phase: there appears to be a single transition from two ferromagnetic states to a single paramagnetic state, as in three dimensions. The slowing down of the ground state algorithm is also used to study this model and the links between combinatorial optimization and critical behavior.
For the Ising model with Gaussian random coupling of average J0{J}_{0}J0​ and unit variance, the zero-temperature spin-glass--ferromagnetic transition as a function of the control parameter J0{J}_{0}J0​ can be studied via the size-LLL-dependent renormalized coupling defined as the domain-wall energy ${J}^{R}(L)\ensuremath{\equiv}{E}_{\text{GS}}^{(\text{AF})}(L)\ensuremath{-}{E}_{\text{GS}}^{(\text{F})}(L)$ (i.e., the difference between the ground-state energies corresponding to antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic boundary conditions in one direction). We study numerically the critical exponents of this zero-temperature transition within the Migdal-Kadanoff approximation as a function of the dimension d=2,3,4,5,6d=2,3,4,5,6d=2,3,4,5,6. We then compare with the mean-field spherical model. Our main conclusion is that in low dimensions, the critical stiffness exponent ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{c}$ is clearly bigger than the spin-glass stiffness exponent ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\text{SG}}$, but that they turn out to coincide in high enough dimension and in the mean-field spherical model. We also discuss the finite-size scaling properties of the averaged value and of the width of the distribution of the renormalized couplings.
The structure of the three-dimensional (3D) random field Ising magnet is studied by ground-state calculations. We investigate the percolation of the minority-spin orientation in the paramagnetic phase above the bulk phase transition, located at $[\ensuremath{\Delta}/J{]}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}2.27,$ where $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is the standard deviation of the Gaussian random fields (J=1).(J=1).(J=1). With an external field H there is a disorder-strength-dependent critical field $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{H}_{c}(\ensuremath{\Delta})$ for the down (or up) spin spanning. The percolation transition is in the standard percolation universality class. ${H}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}(\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{p}{)}^{\ensuremath{\delta}},$ where ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{p}=2.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}=1.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03,$ implying a critical line for ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{c}<\ensuremath{\Delta}<~{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{p}.$ When, with zero external field, $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is decreased from a large value there is a transition from the simultaneous up- and down-spin spanning, with probability ${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}}=1.00$ to ${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}}=0.$ This is located at $\ensuremath{\Delta}=2.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01,$ i.e., above ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{c}.$ The spanning cluster has the fractal dimension of standard percolation, Df=2.53{D}_{f}=2.53Df​=2.53 at ${H=H}_{c}(\ensuremath{\Delta}).$ We provide evidence that this is asymptotically true even at H=0H=0H=0 for ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{c}<\ensuremath{\Delta}<~{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{p}$ beyond a crossover scale that diverges as ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{c}$ is approached from above. Percolation implies extra finite-size effects in the ground states of the 3D random field Ising model.
We performed extensive simulations of the random-bond Ising model confined between walls where competitive surface fields act. By properly taking the thermodynamic limit we unambiguously determined wetting transition points of the system, as extrapolation of localization-delocalization transitions of the interface between domains of different orientation driven by the respective fields. The finite-size scaling theory for wetting with short-range fields [E. V. Albano and K. Binder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 036101 (2012)] establishes that the average magnetization of the sample, with critical exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}$, is the proper order parameter for the study of wetting. While the hyperscaling relationship given by $\ensuremath{\gamma}+2\ensuremath{\beta}={\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ requires $\ensuremath{\beta}=1/2$ ($\ensuremath{\gamma}=4, {\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=3$, and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2$), the thermodynamic scaling establishes that ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{s}=\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\beta}$, which in contrast requires $\ensuremath{\beta}=0$ (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{s}=4$), where $\ensuremath{\gamma}, {\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}, {\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{s}$ are the critical exponents of the susceptibility, the correlation lengths parallel and perpendicular to the interface, and the gap exponent, respectively. So, we formulate a finite-size scaling theory for wetting without hyperscaling and perform numerical simulations that provide strong evidence of hyperscaling violation (i.e., $\ensuremath{\beta}=0$) and a direct measurement of the susceptibility critical exponent $\ensuremath{\gamma}/{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$, in agreement with theoretical results for the strong fluctuation regime of wetting transitions with quenched noise.
We investigate the critical properties of the d=3d=3d=3 random-field Ising model with a Gaussian field distribution at zero temperature. By implementing suitable graph-theoretical algorithms, we perform a large-scale numerical simulation of the model for a vast range of values of the disorder strength hhh and system sizes $\mathcal{V}=L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L$, with $L\ensuremath{\le}156$. Using the sample-to-sample fluctuations of various quantities and proper finite-size scaling techniques we estimate with high accuracy the critical disorder strength hc{h}_{\mathrm{c}}hc​ and the correlation length exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}$. Additional simulations in the area of the estimated critical-field strength and relevant scaling analysis of the bond energy suggest bounds for the specific heat critical exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and the violation of the hyperscaling exponent $\ensuremath{\theta}$. Finally, a data collapse analysis of the order parameter and disconnected susceptibility provides accurate estimates for the critical exponent ratios $\ensuremath{\beta}/\ensuremath{\nu}$ and $\overline{\ensuremath{\gamma}}/\ensuremath{\nu}$, respectively.
The ground-state structure of the two-dimensional random field Ising magnet is studied using exact numerical calculations. First we show that the ferromagnetism, which exists for small system sizes, vanishes with a large excitation at a random field strength-dependent length scale. This breakup length scale L(b) scales exponentially with the squared random field, exp(A/delta(2)). By adding an external field H, we then study the susceptibility in the ground state. If L>L(b), domains melt continuously and the magnetization has a smooth behavior, independent of system size, and the susceptibility decays as L-2. We define a random field strength-dependent critical external field value +/-H(c)(delta) for the up and down spins to form a percolation type of spanning cluster. The percolation transition is in the standard short-range correlated percolation universality class. The mass of the spanning cluster increases with decreasing Delta and the critical external field approaches zero for vanishing random field strength, implying the critical field scaling (for Gaussian disorder) H(c) approximately (delta-delta(c))(delta), where delta(c)=1.65+/-0.05 and delta=2.05+/-0.10. Below Delta(c) the systems should percolate even when H=0. This implies that even for H=0 above L(b) the domains can be fractal at low random fields, such that the largest domain spans the system at low random field strength values and its mass has the fractal dimension of standard percolation D(f)=91/48. The structure of the spanning clusters is studied by defining red clusters, in analogy to the "red sites" of ordinary site percolation. The sizes of red clusters define an extra length scale, independent of L.